Revista Iberoamericana de Bioética is a quarterly scientific journal published as an Open Access Journal by Universidad Pontificia Comillas along with eleven other Ibero-American university centers. The journal follows strict rules in its editorial process that guarantee the quality and relevance of the texts published in it. Revista Iberoamericana de Bioética seeks, with academic rigor, to provide an information and training service to the world of Ibero-American bioethics. It also wants to be an effective tool for the comprehensive training of students in bioethics in various courses, seminars, masters and doctoral programs. We intend to be a reference, and to see it recognized with the inclusion of the journal in the most prestigious indexes and databases; but above all we intend to be useful to the Ibero-American community of bioethics students and teachers, to health professionals and other specialists concerned with bioethics.
The authors of articles published in Revista Iberoamericana de Bioética retain the intellectual property rights over their works and grant the journal their distribution and public communication rights, consenting to their publication under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivates 4.0 Internacional. Authors are encouraged to publish their work on the Internet (for example, on institutional or personal pages, repositories, etc.) respecting the conditions of this license and quoting appropriately the original source.
Javier de la Torre (ed.) (2024). Del sufrimiento insoportable al sufrimiento soportable
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bioethics and Law in the Face of Euthanasia: Reflections Based on Sentence 67-23-IN/24
The recent ruling by the Ecuadorian Constitutional Court decriminalizing active euthanasia under certain conditions is a momentous milestone in Ecuadorian law, as it sets a precedent by recognizing the right to a dignified death as an extension of the right to a dignified life and the free development of personality. This ruling forces lawyers and physicians to rethink the limits of fundamental rights and patient autonomy in the context of incurable diseases and extreme suffering. In this regard, this paper presents a brief observation on Bioethics and Law, analyzing Constitutional Court Ruling 67-23-IN/24.
Copyright (c) 2025 Paolo Vega López, Patricio Cargua Villalva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Opinion of Psychiatrist on Euthanasia Due to Mental Disorder
The request for euthanasia due to a mental disorder is legally regulated in few countries, and is a controversial issue with few opinion studies existing among psychiatry specialists. Methodology: Spanish psychiatrists are surveyed on questions related to their experience in processes related to euthanasia due to mental disorder, their opinion on aspects of the assessment and on the Spanish Law regulating euthanasia. Results: Between 32 and 48% of psychiatrists supported euthanasia in different psychiatric disorders. More than 80% of respondents supported the possibility of the adequate decision-making capacity of the patient, the existence of unbearable suffering, and the incurability of the disease. 100% of the sample believed it was necessary to evaluate alternative treatments during the evaluation of the request for euthanasia. Conclusions: The results of the study validate the complexity of euthanasia in mental disorders and offer recommendations in this regard.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dulcinea Vega Dávila, Carmen Delia Medina Castellano, Héctor González-de-la-Torre https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Ethics of Care: A Perspective on Nutrition in Advanced Cancer
Nutrition-related problems are common in advanced cancer but are not always properly identified and treated. Food is highly symbolic, establishing a strong connection to life and well-being. The inability to eat and drink is associated with disease progression and death. Nutritional care is the most effective way to address these issues through responsible, conscientious, and compassionate support. In both the ethics of care and palliative care, the relationship and commitment to vulnerable individuals are integral to daily health practices. Through the lens of the ethics of care, we argue that nutritional care provided by dietitians is crucial in palliative care to address nutrition-related issues, resolve moral conflicts and dilemmas, and prevent an increase in vulnerabilities and violations of the rights of patients and families.
Copyright (c) 2025 Monica de Oliveira Benarroz, Rocio Fernandez Santos Viniegra, Edna Corrêa Moreira, Rodrigo Siqueira-Batista https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bioethics and Clarification of Terminology: INEDyTO Glossary on Bioethics and End of Life
Bioethics education grapples with the challenge of elucidating key concepts related to endof- life issues—such as euthanasia and assisted suicide—due to their inherent ambiguity and the controversies that arise. The Critical Glossary on Bioethics and End of Life serves as an innovative educational resource, offering precise definitions and critical analyses of ethical and normative dimensions. Developed by an interdisciplinary team and validated through meticulous review, the tool enhances critical thinking, synthesis, and communication skills. This article outlines its development methodology, while emphasizing the importance of and the diffusion of this material in different forums, thereby enriching its content and broadening its impact. This type of tool not only improves bioethics teaching but also stirs more informed and pluralistic ethical and clinical debates.
Copyright (c) 2025 Luis Espericueta, Ramón Ortega Lozano, Mar Vallès, David Rodríguez-Arias, Gonzalo Díaz Cobacho, María Victoria Martínez López, Janet Delgado https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Implementation of an Ethics Teaching Unit for Nursing Care Technicians
Ethics in nursing is recognized as essential to ensuring quality care, yet Technical Nursing Assistants (TNA) often lack structured training in this area despite their crucial role in patient care. This study aims to design, implement, and evaluate an ethics education unit to enhance their professional preparation. A mixed-methods approach was used, based on Participatory Action Research (PAR), involving 27 students and six teachers. Tools included interviews, SWOT analysis, gamification, simulations, role-playing, and case discussions. The results revealed limited prior ethical training among TNA students, but the program improved their understanding of key bioethical principles such as autonomy, confidentiality, and informed consent. However, challenges with technical terminology persisted. Integrating ethics education into TNA training programs fosters more ethical, humane, and competent care delivery.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lucía Díaz Barco, Ainoa Biurrun Garrido, M.ª de las Nieves Campos Sánchez, Rocío del Carmen González Peña, Almudena Arroyo Rodríguez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Integration of Bioethics and Humanities in Dentistry: A Narrative of an Educational Experience
Given the importance of training our students in values with a view to caring for the health and well-being of patients, the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Talca is working with special interest in transversally expanding bioethical training across the curricular grid. Furthermore, the implicit challenges of moral teaching in dentistry make it necessary to implement innovative methodologies that generate experiences that can be projected throughout the professional life. Specifically, this work aims to share the experience of a particular academic activity developed during the third year of the degree, together with the foundations and motivations of the academic body.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marcela Espinosa San Martín, Jorge Oliva Te-Kloot https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Ethical Compass in Medical Education. Forging Moral Agents in a Dynamic Healthcare Environment
The text highlights the need to integrate ethics into medical education to train professionals who are not only technically competent, but also morally responsible. It uses the figure of Ulysses in the Odyssey to illustrate the importance of resilience and introspection in times of adversity. It emphasizes that, although scientific and technical advances are crucial, they must be accompanied by solid ethical training to face the challenges of the current health environment. Medical ethics is not only based on theoretical principles, but also on the practice of virtues such as prudence and respect. In addition, the article underlines the importance of a curriculum that includes both formal training and the influence of the ‘hidden curriculum’, i.e. implicit learnings acquired through experience and interaction with mentors and colleagues.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ángela López-Tarrida https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Women as Family Caregivers for Patients at the End of Life: A Perspective from the Ethics of Care. Systematic Review (January 2010 – June 2024)
The informal caregiver (a woman in 55–89% of cases) experiences a greater multidimensional burden as the patient’s death approaches, which adds to their suffering. The objective of this study was to examine the current literature and identify the profile of female family caregivers at end of life from the perspective of the ethics of care. The following databases were used to do so: SciELO, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Semantic Scholar, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and CINAHL. Ten articles were found in Spanish, English, and Portuguese, incorporating literature from Switzerland, a Nigeria–Uganda–Zimbabwe collaboration, Turkey, Brazil, Spain, Colombia, the United Kingdom, Iceland, and Norway. The analysis infers that the female family caregiver—whether within the home or linked to a profession such as nursing—is the primary person responsible for the care of vulnerable individuals (patients, people with disabilities), regardless of the country of origin, according to the reviewed literature. Conclusion: The well-being, quality of life, and preservation of the dignity of the informal caregiver underpin the need for comprehensive support for the patient with the aid of palliative care and the development of caregiver-oriented health policies, thereby fostering a more humane and compassionate approach.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mercedes del Pilar Díaz Cueva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluation of Learning Competency Design in the Bioethics Training of Healthcare Professionals
Given its relevance in ethical decision-making in healthcare, advanced training in bioethics is essential for healthcare professionals. The evaluation of the design of competencies in bioethics learning programs requires a comprehensive analysis that considers their formal or material focus and ensures quality criteria such as clarity, specificity, alignment, measurability, progressiveness and relevance. This study aims to classify and analyze the specific competencies of a Master’s program in Bioethics and Humanization of Care, evaluating its orientation towards formal or material bioethics and applying a qualitative methodological approach based on the use of ChatGPT to assess the quality of its writing. The results highlight the level of adequacy of the learning competencies for the bioethics education of healthcare professionals, offering an evaluation model applicable to the improvement of training programs in this field.
Copyright (c) 2025 José María Galán González-Serna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Teaching Bioethics in Secondary Schools in Brazil: Reflections in the Light of Paulo Freire’s Liberating Pedagogy
By transcending biomedical and/or biotechnological limits, bioethics emerges as a space for political discussion on today’s moral dilemmas. The links between interventionist and politicized bioethics and a liberating education, based on the defense of universal human rights, as advocated by the Brazilian scholar Paulo Freire, are thus strengthened. The present study, based on a narrative review of the literature, aims to broaden the debate on “how” and “to what extent” the presence of bioethics in secondary education in Brazil can be a key differentiator in the construction of an education for freedom. The study concludes that teaching bioethics in Brazil at secondary level will be successful or not depending on the ethical decisions advanced by the State and school communities—faced with the arduous task of overcoming “banking education” and committing to the “cultivation of the humanities” for adolescent students, who are here considered to be the historical protagonists of their own academic trajectories and life projects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ivone Laurentino dos Santos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Neal Baer (ed.). (2024). The Promise and Peril of CRISPR
Copyright (c) 2025 Tiago Miguel Rosa García https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bioethics Training for Pediatric Palliative Care Professionals: Analysis of Knowledge and Ethical Perspective
This study explores the bioethics and applied ethics training of pediatric palliative care professionals in a tertiary hospital in Spain. Using self-administered questionnaires, ethical perspectives and training for addressing complex decision-making processes are analyzed. Results show a predominance of care and responsibility ethics among participants, alongside limited and uneven bioethics training according to professional profile. Moral distress, the lack of a formal method, and the reliance on intuition and common sense as guides are identified as challenges to maintaining objectivity in practice. The study concludes that continuous, tailored training and the creation of safe, reflective spaces are essential for improving decision-making and reducing moral distress.
Copyright (c) 2025 Balma Soraya Hernández Moscoso https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Ethical Issues in the Multicultural Healthcare Relationship: A Challenge for Health Professionals
This article is a reflection on the ethical dilemmas of intervention and decision-making in a less common context, such as care given to people from other cultures. Multicultural contexts pose a significant challenge for healthcare professionals; one clear example is time management. Having been trained in a monochronic culture, these professionals often struggle to understand and adapt to the temporal perspectives of individuals from polychronic cultures. The ignorance of the cultural keys of immigrant people encountered in health structures is a stress factor for many professionals and constitutes a risk for clinical practice free from ethical standards. The article aims to identify ethical concerns in the multicultural care relationship and propose strategies we think can contribute to the ethical management of conflicts that arise in these areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Laurindo Carlos Miji Viagem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Realistic Simulation as a Pedagogical Tool in the Teaching of Bioethics: An Action Research in the In-Person and Distance Modalities
This action research evaluated students’ learning and adherence to the realistic simulation technique in the teaching of institutional bioethics, covering the functioning of ethics committees and deliberative skills. The course has been mandatory in the Bioethics Graduate Program of Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Brazil since 2017, and includes theoretical classes and the creation of ethics committees for research involving humans, animals, and hospitals. It also provides a simulation of a deliberative meeting with an emphasis on each member’s role. The pedagogical technique proved to be effective in promoting reflective and critical learning, with evolution in perceptions about ethics committees, especially by distance students. Training in institutional and ethical processes is essential to face the challenges of scientific research and medical care, ensuring respect for the dignity and rights of those involved, and promoting more responsible and inclusive science and health practice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marta Luciane Fischer, Thiago Rocha da Cunha, Daihany Silva dos Santos, Jaqueline Stramantino, Carla Corradi-Perini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Ethical Dilemma of Digital Necromancy: The Elis Regina Case and a Partial Solution by Brazilian Legislators
The combination of death and technology is a tricky topic, especially with Artificial Intelligence (AI) thrown into the mix, as seen in the Elis Regina Case in Brazil. Volkswagen used AI to bring back the late singer’s image for a commercial, which sparked debates nationwide and globally about the ethical and legal implications of AI resurrecting deceased individuals’ images, dubbed “digital necromancy”. Efforts such as Bill No. 3592/23 aim to regulate postmortem image use, requiring explicit consent or presuming its prohibition. This paper explores the bioethical dimensions raised by the case, diving into the ethical dilemmas and legal responses while shedding light on the evolving landscape of bioethics and law in the age of advancing technology. Using a case study, this paper concludes that Bill No. 3592/23 offers a partial solution to a complex ethical dilemma, opening a possible pathway for future regulators.
Copyright (c) 2024 Pedro Khauaja https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Vulnerability and Autonomy in Schizophrenia: Perception of Health Professionals
Schizophrenia is a serious psychological disorder, evidenced by distortion of thought, perceptions, emotions, language, self-awareness and behavior, with delusions and hallucinations being the most prevalent. The objective of this study was to understand the perception health professionals have of schizophrenia and autonomy in the context of bioethics. An exploratory, cross-sectional, narrative study with a qualitative approach, involving nine health professionals from a multidisciplinary team, working in a hospital specializing in mental disorders, located in the northwest region of the state of Paraná, Brazil. A semi-structured interview was used, followed by content analysis to identify the categories: mental illness and the individual's vulnerability; and schizophrenics and psychosocial insertion. The article concludes that the management of patients with schizophrenia is complex and requires high-level skills and team involvement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Josué Ferreira Sampaio , Lucas Benedito Fogaça Rabito, Sanderland José Tavares Gurgel, Rafaely de Cassia Nogueira Sanches, Waldir Souza, Mario Antonio Sanches, Nelly Lopes de Moraes Gil, Anor Sganzerla Sganzerla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Does Law 14874, A New Ethical Regulation of Research with Human Beings in Brazil, Violate Human Rights?
Free, post-study and indefinite access to the best prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic method that has been demonstrated to be effective during the study is a fundamental condition for protecting research participants. Since its inception in ethical regulations for research with human beings, Brazil has made this condition a cornerstone of protection for study participants. Through a qualitative analysis of Chapter VI of Law 14874, a new Law that regulates research with human beings in Brazil it was possible to perceive that there was a regression in the protection and recognition of the fundamental rights and dignity of the human beings participating in the research.
Copyright (c) 2024 Carlos Adriano Silva dos Santos, Rosamaría Gomes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Perception of a Physician’s Skills and Practices in Communicating Bad News in a Fourth-Level Hospital
The communication of bad news in medicine is a skill developed through practice, but one which is rarely taught formally in medical curricula. Understanding these skills and practices is crucial for improving the physician-patient-family relationship and for humanizing medical care. This cross-sectional descriptive study surveyed 396 physicians from a fourth-level university hospital in Bogotá, Colombia, to assess their perceptions of their skills and practices in delivering bad news. The study found that bad news was mainly delivered by more experienced physicians. Discussing catastrophic diagnoses or the exhaustion of curative options was perceived as the greatest challenge. Although most physicians considered themselves skilled in delivering bad news, many lacked a formal protocol. Effective communication of bad news requires both exposure and formal training, highlighting the need to include this topic in medical curricula
Copyright (c) 2025 Mónica Manrique Díaz, Fritz Eduardo Gempeler Rueda, Diana Carolina Estrada Cano, Andrea De León-García, Diana Carolina Moreno Ormaza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
“Slippery Slope” and Euthanasia: International Comparison with the Spanish Case
This article focuses on the bioethical and scientific analysis of euthanasia, with special attention to the case of Spain. The phenomenon of the possible slippery slope is addressed in countries where it has been implemented within the framework of a global comparison that allows us to establish synonymous guidelines and synergies in the different places since its development. The analysis has been produced from original sources that allow us to collect the latest data.
Copyright (c) 2025 Francisco Javier Aznar Sala, Ángel Garrido Vila, Paula Cano Molla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bioethical Aspects in Rare Diseases: Human Rights, Diagnostic Algorithms and Artificial Intelligence
Recent advances in genomics and the rapid development of the so-called “omic sciences” have made it possible to diagnose many rare diseases (RD). Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made it possible to systematize knowledge of genomics, as well as clinical and epidemiological findings. However, there remains a great challenge in how to preserve and protect anonymity against possible indiscriminate and discriminatory use of the information gathered. In addition to constituting a public health problem and a challenge in terms of social justice and non-discrimination, rare diseases generate vulnerability. This study reflects on the dual vulnerability of people living with RD: with regard to the disease itself; and on how to preserve their physical, psychological, social and spiritual integrity when the use of AI for diagnosis or registration could reveal identities, images and sensitive data through the use of algorithms.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ida Cristina Gubert, Garbiñe Saruwatari Zavala, Claude Vergés de López, Gustavo Luciano López, Adriana V. Scrigni , María Angélica Sotomayor , Laura Rueda Castro, Carmen Alicia Cardozo de Martínez, Elizabeth M. Benites Estupiñan , Fernanda M. Ledesma , Patricia Sorokin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Vulnerabilities and Human Rights Violations Based on the Global Burden of Disease in Brazil: An Integrative Review
Based on the global burden of disease, this article aims to analyze and discuss human rights vulnerabilities and violations from the perspective of health as a right. To achieve this objective, an integrative review was carried out, seeking to answer how the global burden of diseases affects individual, social and programmatic vulnerability factors, as well as human rights violations in access to healthcare for the Brazilian population. Of the 428 articles found, 119 were included in this review. The text adds analyses and reflections on the interconnected layers between individuals, their social participation networks and the institutions that should protect them, but which sometimes accentuate inequalities in access and helplessness. From this perspective, bioethics presents itself as a possible bridge to understanding the structures that expose individuals, health professionals, the community and institutions to vulnerabilities in access to health.
Copyright (c) 2024 Caroline Filla Rosaneli, Murilo Karasinski, Leonardo Machado Michelotto, Fernanda Deboni Ricciardi, Felipe Eduardo Oliveira Pereira, Isadora Welter Pioresan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Can Suicide Be Considered an Exercise in Autonomy?
In an expressively technological era, death remains a taboo, and suicide, in particular, carries a strong burden of prejudice that permeates survivors of a suicide attempt and their families. Perceptions about suicidal acts vary according to space and historical moment, but suicides or attempted suicides are currently considered a Public Health problem. Possible social interventions come up against ethical issues regarding the individual's autonomy. Is this a full exercise of autonomy or are there other influences that compromise the individual's decision-making capacity? The purpose of this study was a bioethical reflection on suicide by means of a narrative review of the literature which included texts on concepts, statistics, prevention strategies and Bioethics. Without a sound response of support for each request for help in the eloquent silence of a potential or successful suicidal person, it is not possible to talk about autonomy in suicidal behavior.
Copyright (c) 2025 Daniela Cerqueira Campos Vieira, Gisele Gobbetti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Joanilva Ribeiro Lopes, Marcos Aurélio Trindade, Maria Ângela Figueiredo Braga y Orlene Veloso Dias (orgs.) (2021). A bioética e suas perspectivas sociais
Copyright (c) 2024 Moacir Ferreira Filho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Legitimacy of Human Rights “Found in the Street": An Analysis in The Light of Paulo Freire’s Liberating Ethics
This article proposes an analysis of the connection between human rights “found in the street", and the ethics advocated by the Brazilian pedagogue Paulo Freire, whose work is imbued with the quest for freedom for the "socially oppressed". The study involves a narrative review of the literature in order to examine possible links between Freire's "universal ethics of the human being" and the approach of “liberating human rights”, with social transformation at the core of its legal practices, and which seeks to overcome the inequality, hunger and poverty that undermine the life opportunities of thousands of Brazilians. Freire's vision of ethics provides legal practitioners and Brazilian society as a whole with tools to reflect on social injustice and build an egalitarian world with freedom and dignity for all.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ivone Laurentino dos Santos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Human Rights and Bioethics in Medicine: Advocating for Medicine as a Common Good
Inequity in health and medical care increase constantly; neither human rights, including the right to healthcare, nor global bioethics manage to mitigate or raise awareness of their damaging consequences. This text proposes medicine as a common good, thus requiring a common anthropology, expressed as three transcendental anthropological conditions to ensure survival and social integration: relationality, mundane transcendence, and transcendence of self. These conditions pertain to the lived body, which perceives the environment and the living body that acts in and on the world. Perception and action are susceptible to dysfunctional damage. It falls to medicine to care for, cure and rehabilitate the damaged body. Medicine ought therefore to be a common good, indiscriminately accessible and available to every human being.
Copyright (c) 2024 Miguel Kottow Lang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Reflections about the Hippocratic Oath in Medical Education in Times of Artificial Intelligence
In the 5th century BC, a medical school inspired by Hippocrates, a teacher of the art of healing, flourished in Greece. This school separated medicine from religion and magic and removed beliefs in supernatural causes of disease. Although scholars consider this more of a legend than a historical fact, 2,000 years later, Hippocrates is considered the “father of medicine” in the Western world. Some of the 72 contemporary books from this school address medical ethics, including the Hippocratic Oath. With the development of humanity, social changes, and medical transformations, the oath underwent updates and has several versions. Some are used at special moments, such as in medical school graduations. Some unusual/ interesting/ reflecting situations regarding the oath motivated reflections on the use of it in medical teaching, including the emergence of Artificial Intelligence. Does the Oath still have a place in medical education?
Copyright (c) 2024 José Eduardo Siqueira, Isabella Moraes Rocha, Vinicius Hoffmann, Mariana Xavier e Silva, Bruno Carmello Rocha Lobo, Marcio José de Almeida https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Protection and Access to Health for Indigenous Peoples in Brazil in the Context of a Pandemic: The Indigenous Insurgency
The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil resulted in a significant number of deaths. Social markers appear as essential to understanding such developments. This research focuses on the indigenous population, knowing that they face significant structural problems, aiming to understand how access and protection to health were guaranteed for this population in a period involving evident anti-indigenous policies. To this end, documents on virtual platforms were analyzed from March 2020 to March 2022, including regulations published by the Executive Branch. Using Atlas.Ti® software, we developed a Thematic Content Analysis. The results highlighted the basic structures of indigenous peoples as a fundamental point for protecting their lives and identities. Under the scope of Latin American Bioethics, we create possibilities for reading the findings, enabling their understanding from a critical-social perspective.
Copyright (c) 2024 Silvia Rodrigues dos Santos, Mirelle Finkler, Marta Verdi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0