Revista Iberoamericana de Bioética is a quarterly scientific journal published as an Open Access Journal by Universidad Pontificia Comillas along with eleven other Ibero-American university centers. The journal follows strict rules in its editorial process that guarantee the quality and relevance of the texts published in it. Revista Iberoamericana de Bioética seeks, with academic rigor, to provide an information and training service to the world of Ibero-American bioethics. It also wants to be an effective tool for the comprehensive training of students in bioethics in various courses, seminars, masters and doctoral programs. We intend to be a reference, and to see it recognized with the inclusion of the journal in the most prestigious indexes and databases; but above all we intend to be useful to the Ibero-American community of bioethics students and teachers, to health professionals and other specialists concerned with bioethics.
The authors of articles published in Revista Iberoamericana de Bioética retain the intellectual property rights over their works and grant the journal their distribution and public communication rights, consenting to their publication under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivates 4.0 Internacional. Authors are encouraged to publish their work on the Internet (for example, on institutional or personal pages, repositories, etc.) respecting the conditions of this license and quoting appropriately the original source.
Cristiane Pieterzack y Caroline Filla Rosaneli (coords.) (2025). Vulnerabilidad y Bioética
Copyright (c) 2025 Carolina Montero Orphanopoulos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Feminization of the Medical Profession, The Permanence of the Medical Palimpsest and its Logic of Masculinization
In recent years, the participation of women in medical training has increased substantially, which has led to consider that the profession is undergoing a process of feminization. However, this article presents, from a series of testimonies of medical professionals in training —residents and undergraduate interns—, elements that allow us to recognize the permanence and reproduction of gendered logics anchored to the Masculine. These logics have been historically elaborated and sedimented, acquiring cultural legitimacy within the profession and becoming moral demands during the training process. This conglomerate, which in this article is referred to as the medical palimpsest, shapes the moral dispositions of physicians-in-training, regardless of their sex, gender identity or other identity coordinates. To account for the medical palimpsest represents the possibility of contributing to clinical bioethics from a critical gender perspective.
Copyright (c) 2025 Luis Alfonso Munive-Valencia, Oliva López Sánchez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Shared Decision Making and its Application to People with Dementia
Shared decision-making has been gaining more space as it represents a conciliatory model between professional knowledge and the individual's right to self-determination. This article proposes a debate on the use of shared decision-making for patients with dementia. Such patients tend to be considered incapable, and it is common to designate substitutes when decisions have to be made. However, there are consistent reports in the literature that patients are not unable to express needs and references. Several factors are highlighted as capable of influencing the greater or lesser involvement of these individuals, from the stage of the disease, characteristics of the caregiver, such as age and degree of kinship, and the type of decision to be made. The conclusion drawn is that shared decision-making can represent a powerful tool, offering the possibility for patients to exercise their personal autonomy, which will bring better outcomes for them and the professionals involved.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jose Reinaldo Madeiro, Aline Albuquerque https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bodies, Souls and Rights: A Bioethical Review of 21st Century Surrogacy
Surrogacy raises ethical challenges concerning autonomy, social justice, and reproductive rights. This article takes a bioethical perspective to examine how feminism and utilitarianism can provide a foundation for fair regulatory frameworks governing this practice. Through a systematic review of academic literature (2015-2024) and a comparative analysis of international regulations (Canada, United Kingdom, Ukraine, United States), it identifies tensions between the protection of surrogate mothers and reproductive rights. The findings highlight that: (1) liberal feminism supports surrogacy under informed consent, whereas radical feminism criticizes it as a form of exploitation; (2) utilitarianism justifies the practice if it maximizes collective well-being, although it overlooks structural inequalities. The article concludes that a global regulatory framework should balance autonomy, protection against exploitation, and the rights of the child, while prioritizing human dignity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gloria Díaz Rodríguez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Gender Dysphoria in Minors: A Critical Look at Early Medicalization and Proposals for Ethical Support
This article offers a critical analysis of the early medicalization of gender dysphoria in minors from a clinical and bioethical perspective. Beginning with an examination of the Dutch protocol, it explores the tensions between the affirmative model endorsed by WPATH and the recommendations of the British Cass Review. By examining the scientific and ethical foundations underpinning both approaches, the article underscores the inherent complexity of providing care to minors navigating identity-seeking processes. It also offers a bioethical reflection in which the vulnerability of minors is positioned as a guiding principle for deliberation. The article advocates for non-invasive, long-term clinical support and, ultimately, proposes a comprehensive model of care that prioritizes psychosocial assessment, psychological support, family involvement, and therapeutic prudence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Regina Cárdenas Santos, josé María Pardo Sáenz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Dimensions of Health Vulnerabilities Among Transgender People in Brazil: An Integrative Review
Vulnerability is a central theme in public health and bioethics, and transgender people are among the populations most exposed to health risks in Brazil. This group faces high rates of sexually transmitted infections, suicidality, psychoactive substance use, violence, and experiences of social and institutional exclusion. The aim of this study was to analyze the dimensions of vulnerability and their potential mitigating factors in the health of transgender people in Brazil. An integrative review was conducted in national and international databases, following PRISMA guidelines, which resulted in the inclusion of 16 articles. The findings were organized according to Ayres’ model, encompassing individual, social, and programmatic dimensions. Results showed that vulnerabilities are interconnected, reproducing structural inequalities and barriers to access in health services, education, and employment. The conclusion drawn is that the multidimensional approach to vulnerability can guide public policies that are sensitive to the specificities of transgender populations, expanding equality, access, and effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Diego Guedes da Silva, Caroline Filla Rosaneli, Luciana Schleder Gonçalves, Murilo Karasinski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Exploring the Link Between Bioethics, Gender, and Sexual Diversity: Perceptions in an Academic Community at Universidad Veracruzana
This study explored perceptions of bioethics, gender, and sexual diversity within the academic community of the Faculty of Biological Pharmaceutical Chemistry at Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa. Through an online survey applied to students and faculty, attitudes and knowledge regarding the integration of gender perspective and the inclusion of sexual diversity in professional training were analyzed. The results show a broad awareness of the importance of these issues, with greater openness among younger generations and faculty members, although cases of discrimination and more conservative positions persist in certain groups. The findings highlight the need to strengthen bioethical education in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences through inclusive approaches that promote equality and justice. This work provides empirical evidence to guide university and curricular policies toward more respectful and diverse academic communities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Minerva Hernández Lozano, Marcos Fernando Ocaña-Sánchez, Gabriel Arturo Soto Ojeda, Yeyetzy Citlally Cano Callejas, Mauro Antonio Villanueva Lendechy, Erick Joaquín Corro Méndez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bioethics, Transgender People and Human Capabilities
The aim of this article is to address the transgender reality from a dialogue between bioethics and Nussbaum's capabilities approach. First, we suggest how we can approach transgender people from a bioethical perspective. Then, we revisit some of the fundamentals of Nussbaum's normative theory to provide a philosophical foundation for bioethics, and we select three core human capabilities proposed by the philosopher in her list to see what they contribute to our understanding of transgender issues. The conclusion leads us to affirm that the capabilities approach, which has human dignity and an anthropology that combines conation and vulnerability at its core, allows us to enrich the bioethical perspective on transgender people. In addition, we also observe that the selected capabilities help us to grasp certain issues of justice, dignity, and rights, which may also raise bioethical problems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aldo Marcelo Cáceres Roldán https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Keys for Supporting Children and Adolescents in Their Gender Identity Exploration Process as a Teacher: Sustaining, Welcoming, and Listening
This article explores educational support for minors experiencing questions related to gender identity, particularly in trans contexts. From an ethical and pedagogical perspective, it highlights the importance of active listening, emotional containment, and respect for developmental rhythms. It examines the specific characteristics of childhood, adolescence, and youth as stages of identity construction and heightened vulnerability. The article warns against the urgency that often surrounds these processes and proposes a calm, prudent approach grounded in evidence-based information. It also emphasizes the role of families and the need to support them through uncertainty, avoiding rushed responses. The text defends the right to freely develop one’s identity—with or without transition—and advocates for adult presence that does not impose decisions, but rather offers care, presence, and deep respect for the complexity and uniqueness of each personal journey.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marta Pomés Raventós https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Invisibility of Women Who Provide Home Care in Brazil
This article aims to discuss gender issues and the global phenomenon of growing demand for unpaid and socially unrecognized home care, a responsibility which, in Brazil, falls mainly to women. The questions asked are: how much time do women devote to caregiving? And do factors such as education, race, and income influence the amount of time devoted to this care? This research adopts a narrative review as its methodological approach based on the analysis and interpretation of data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The results show that women devote many hours a day to caring for others, in a position of subordination, with distinct and hierarchical social roles, with domestic and caregiving responsibilities, limiting their participation in the labor market and perpetuating inequality. The theoretical discussion is carried out in perspective with the authors Birolli (2016), Bourdieu (2012), Buziquia et al. (2018), Díaz Cueva (2025), Federici (2019), Gilligan (2003), Zoboli (2003), and the results reinforce that gender inequality persists intrinsically in various social spheres.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ana Beatriz Costa Silva, Valquíria Elita Renk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Javier de la Torre (ed.) (2024). Del sufrimiento insoportable al sufrimiento soportable
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bioethics Conflicts in the Care of Transgender Adolescents: An Analysis from the Perspective of Protective Bioethicsthics
Caring for transgender adolescents involves bioethical challenges that require healthcare professionals to be prepared to deal with issues of identity, autonomy, and protection. This study aimed to identify bioethical conflicts experienced by professionals when caring for transgender adolescents. This is a qualitative study involving 14 professionals from specialized outpatient clinics, analyzed using content analysis techniques. Seven categories emerged: disagreement among guardians, authorization for hormone therapy, right to confidentiality, self-medication and sexuality, gender identity and violence, mental health and emotional support, family and religious relationships, and access to health care. The results revealed dilemmas related to adolescent autonomy, family influence, and institutional limitations. Based on the Bioethics of Protection, the analysis highlights the importance of practices based on dignity, qualified listening, and the guarantee of rights, contributing to the bioethical debate on care for the transgender population in childhood and adolescence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Isabela de Castro, Jaqueline Gomes de Jesus, Andréia Patrícia Gomes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bioethics and Law in the Face of Euthanasia: Reflections Based on Sentence 67-23-IN/24
The recent ruling by the Ecuadorian Constitutional Court decriminalizing active euthanasia under certain conditions is a momentous milestone in Ecuadorian law, as it sets a precedent by recognizing the right to a dignified death as an extension of the right to a dignified life and the free development of personality. This ruling forces lawyers and physicians to rethink the limits of fundamental rights and patient autonomy in the context of incurable diseases and extreme suffering. In this regard, this paper presents a brief observation on Bioethics and Law, analyzing Constitutional Court Ruling 67-23-IN/24.
Copyright (c) 2025 Paolo Vega López, Patricio Cargua Villalva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Opinion of Psychiatrist on Euthanasia Due to Mental Disorder
The request for euthanasia due to a mental disorder is legally regulated in few countries, and is a controversial issue with few opinion studies existing among psychiatry specialists. Methodology: Spanish psychiatrists are surveyed on questions related to their experience in processes related to euthanasia due to mental disorder, their opinion on aspects of the assessment and on the Spanish Law regulating euthanasia. Results: Between 32 and 48% of psychiatrists supported euthanasia in different psychiatric disorders. More than 80% of respondents supported the possibility of the adequate decision-making capacity of the patient, the existence of unbearable suffering, and the incurability of the disease. 100% of the sample believed it was necessary to evaluate alternative treatments during the evaluation of the request for euthanasia. Conclusions: The results of the study validate the complexity of euthanasia in mental disorders and offer recommendations in this regard.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dulcinea Vega Dávila, Carmen Delia Medina Castellano, Héctor González-de-la-Torre https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Ethics of Care: A Perspective on Nutrition in Advanced Cancer
Nutrition-related problems are common in advanced cancer but are not always properly identified and treated. Food is highly symbolic, establishing a strong connection to life and well-being. The inability to eat and drink is associated with disease progression and death. Nutritional care is the most effective way to address these issues through responsible, conscientious, and compassionate support. In both the ethics of care and palliative care, the relationship and commitment to vulnerable individuals are integral to daily health practices. Through the lens of the ethics of care, we argue that nutritional care provided by dietitians is crucial in palliative care to address nutrition-related issues, resolve moral conflicts and dilemmas, and prevent an increase in vulnerabilities and violations of the rights of patients and families.
Copyright (c) 2025 Monica de Oliveira Benarroz, Rocio Fernandez Santos Viniegra, Edna Corrêa Moreira, Rodrigo Siqueira-Batista https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bioethics and Clarification of Terminology: INEDyTO Glossary on Bioethics and End of Life
Bioethics education grapples with the challenge of elucidating key concepts related to endof- life issues—such as euthanasia and assisted suicide—due to their inherent ambiguity and the controversies that arise. The Critical Glossary on Bioethics and End of Life serves as an innovative educational resource, offering precise definitions and critical analyses of ethical and normative dimensions. Developed by an interdisciplinary team and validated through meticulous review, the tool enhances critical thinking, synthesis, and communication skills. This article outlines its development methodology, while emphasizing the importance of and the diffusion of this material in different forums, thereby enriching its content and broadening its impact. This type of tool not only improves bioethics teaching but also stirs more informed and pluralistic ethical and clinical debates.
Copyright (c) 2025 Luis Espericueta, Ramón Ortega Lozano, Mar Vallès, David Rodríguez-Arias, Gonzalo Díaz Cobacho, María Victoria Martínez López, Janet Delgado https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Implementation of an Ethics Teaching Unit for Nursing Care Technicians
Ethics in nursing is recognized as essential to ensuring quality care, yet Technical Nursing Assistants (TNA) often lack structured training in this area despite their crucial role in patient care. This study aims to design, implement, and evaluate an ethics education unit to enhance their professional preparation. A mixed-methods approach was used, based on Participatory Action Research (PAR), involving 27 students and six teachers. Tools included interviews, SWOT analysis, gamification, simulations, role-playing, and case discussions. The results revealed limited prior ethical training among TNA students, but the program improved their understanding of key bioethical principles such as autonomy, confidentiality, and informed consent. However, challenges with technical terminology persisted. Integrating ethics education into TNA training programs fosters more ethical, humane, and competent care delivery.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lucía Díaz Barco, Ainoa Biurrun Garrido, M.ª de las Nieves Campos Sánchez, Rocío del Carmen González Peña, Almudena Arroyo Rodríguez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Integration of Bioethics and Humanities in Dentistry: A Narrative of an Educational Experience
Given the importance of training our students in values with a view to caring for the health and well-being of patients, the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Talca is working with special interest in transversally expanding bioethical training across the curricular grid. Furthermore, the implicit challenges of moral teaching in dentistry make it necessary to implement innovative methodologies that generate experiences that can be projected throughout the professional life. Specifically, this work aims to share the experience of a particular academic activity developed during the third year of the degree, together with the foundations and motivations of the academic body.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marcela Espinosa San Martín, Jorge Oliva Te-Kloot https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Ethical Compass in Medical Education. Forging Moral Agents in a Dynamic Healthcare Environment
The text highlights the need to integrate ethics into medical education to train professionals who are not only technically competent, but also morally responsible. It uses the figure of Ulysses in the Odyssey to illustrate the importance of resilience and introspection in times of adversity. It emphasizes that, although scientific and technical advances are crucial, they must be accompanied by solid ethical training to face the challenges of the current health environment. Medical ethics is not only based on theoretical principles, but also on the practice of virtues such as prudence and respect. In addition, the article underlines the importance of a curriculum that includes both formal training and the influence of the ‘hidden curriculum’, i.e. implicit learnings acquired through experience and interaction with mentors and colleagues.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ángela López-Tarrida https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Women as Family Caregivers for Patients at the End of Life: A Perspective from the Ethics of Care. Systematic Review (January 2010 – June 2024)
The informal caregiver (a woman in 55–89% of cases) experiences a greater multidimensional burden as the patient’s death approaches, which adds to their suffering. The objective of this study was to examine the current literature and identify the profile of female family caregivers at end of life from the perspective of the ethics of care. The following databases were used to do so: SciELO, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Semantic Scholar, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and CINAHL. Ten articles were found in Spanish, English, and Portuguese, incorporating literature from Switzerland, a Nigeria–Uganda–Zimbabwe collaboration, Turkey, Brazil, Spain, Colombia, the United Kingdom, Iceland, and Norway. The analysis infers that the female family caregiver—whether within the home or linked to a profession such as nursing—is the primary person responsible for the care of vulnerable individuals (patients, people with disabilities), regardless of the country of origin, according to the reviewed literature. Conclusion: The well-being, quality of life, and preservation of the dignity of the informal caregiver underpin the need for comprehensive support for the patient with the aid of palliative care and the development of caregiver-oriented health policies, thereby fostering a more humane and compassionate approach.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mercedes del Pilar Díaz Cueva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluation of Learning Competency Design in the Bioethics Training of Healthcare Professionals
Given its relevance in ethical decision-making in healthcare, advanced training in bioethics is essential for healthcare professionals. The evaluation of the design of competencies in bioethics learning programs requires a comprehensive analysis that considers their formal or material focus and ensures quality criteria such as clarity, specificity, alignment, measurability, progressiveness and relevance. This study aims to classify and analyze the specific competencies of a Master’s program in Bioethics and Humanization of Care, evaluating its orientation towards formal or material bioethics and applying a qualitative methodological approach based on the use of ChatGPT to assess the quality of its writing. The results highlight the level of adequacy of the learning competencies for the bioethics education of healthcare professionals, offering an evaluation model applicable to the improvement of training programs in this field.
Copyright (c) 2025 José María Galán González-Serna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Teaching Bioethics in Secondary Schools in Brazil: Reflections in the Light of Paulo Freire’s Liberating Pedagogy
By transcending biomedical and/or biotechnological limits, bioethics emerges as a space for political discussion on today’s moral dilemmas. The links between interventionist and politicized bioethics and a liberating education, based on the defense of universal human rights, as advocated by the Brazilian scholar Paulo Freire, are thus strengthened. The present study, based on a narrative review of the literature, aims to broaden the debate on “how” and “to what extent” the presence of bioethics in secondary education in Brazil can be a key differentiator in the construction of an education for freedom. The study concludes that teaching bioethics in Brazil at secondary level will be successful or not depending on the ethical decisions advanced by the State and school communities—faced with the arduous task of overcoming “banking education” and committing to the “cultivation of the humanities” for adolescent students, who are here considered to be the historical protagonists of their own academic trajectories and life projects.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ivone Laurentino dos Santos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Neal Baer (ed.). (2024). The Promise and Peril of CRISPR
Copyright (c) 2025 Tiago Miguel Rosa García https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bioethics Training for Pediatric Palliative Care Professionals: Analysis of Knowledge and Ethical Perspective
This study explores the bioethics and applied ethics training of pediatric palliative care professionals in a tertiary hospital in Spain. Using self-administered questionnaires, ethical perspectives and training for addressing complex decision-making processes are analyzed. Results show a predominance of care and responsibility ethics among participants, alongside limited and uneven bioethics training according to professional profile. Moral distress, the lack of a formal method, and the reliance on intuition and common sense as guides are identified as challenges to maintaining objectivity in practice. The study concludes that continuous, tailored training and the creation of safe, reflective spaces are essential for improving decision-making and reducing moral distress.
Copyright (c) 2025 Balma Soraya Hernández Moscoso https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Ethical Issues in the Multicultural Healthcare Relationship: A Challenge for Health Professionals
This article is a reflection on the ethical dilemmas of intervention and decision-making in a less common context, such as care given to people from other cultures. Multicultural contexts pose a significant challenge for healthcare professionals; one clear example is time management. Having been trained in a monochronic culture, these professionals often struggle to understand and adapt to the temporal perspectives of individuals from polychronic cultures. The ignorance of the cultural keys of immigrant people encountered in health structures is a stress factor for many professionals and constitutes a risk for clinical practice free from ethical standards. The article aims to identify ethical concerns in the multicultural care relationship and propose strategies we think can contribute to the ethical management of conflicts that arise in these areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Laurindo Carlos Miji Viagem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Realistic Simulation as a Pedagogical Tool in the Teaching of Bioethics: An Action Research in the In-Person and Distance Modalities
This action research evaluated students’ learning and adherence to the realistic simulation technique in the teaching of institutional bioethics, covering the functioning of ethics committees and deliberative skills. The course has been mandatory in the Bioethics Graduate Program of Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Brazil since 2017, and includes theoretical classes and the creation of ethics committees for research involving humans, animals, and hospitals. It also provides a simulation of a deliberative meeting with an emphasis on each member’s role. The pedagogical technique proved to be effective in promoting reflective and critical learning, with evolution in perceptions about ethics committees, especially by distance students. Training in institutional and ethical processes is essential to face the challenges of scientific research and medical care, ensuring respect for the dignity and rights of those involved, and promoting more responsible and inclusive science and health practice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marta Luciane Fischer, Thiago Rocha da Cunha, Daihany Silva dos Santos, Jaqueline Stramantino, Carla Corradi-Perini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Ethical Dilemma of Digital Necromancy: The Elis Regina Case and a Partial Solution by Brazilian Legislators
The combination of death and technology is a tricky topic, especially with Artificial Intelligence (AI) thrown into the mix, as seen in the Elis Regina Case in Brazil. Volkswagen used AI to bring back the late singer’s image for a commercial, which sparked debates nationwide and globally about the ethical and legal implications of AI resurrecting deceased individuals’ images, dubbed “digital necromancy”. Efforts such as Bill No. 3592/23 aim to regulate postmortem image use, requiring explicit consent or presuming its prohibition. This paper explores the bioethical dimensions raised by the case, diving into the ethical dilemmas and legal responses while shedding light on the evolving landscape of bioethics and law in the age of advancing technology. Using a case study, this paper concludes that Bill No. 3592/23 offers a partial solution to a complex ethical dilemma, opening a possible pathway for future regulators.
Copyright (c) 2024 Pedro Khauaja https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Vulnerability and Autonomy in Schizophrenia: Perception of Health Professionals
Schizophrenia is a serious psychological disorder, evidenced by distortion of thought, perceptions, emotions, language, self-awareness and behavior, with delusions and hallucinations being the most prevalent. The objective of this study was to understand the perception health professionals have of schizophrenia and autonomy in the context of bioethics. An exploratory, cross-sectional, narrative study with a qualitative approach, involving nine health professionals from a multidisciplinary team, working in a hospital specializing in mental disorders, located in the northwest region of the state of Paraná, Brazil. A semi-structured interview was used, followed by content analysis to identify the categories: mental illness and the individual's vulnerability; and schizophrenics and psychosocial insertion. The article concludes that the management of patients with schizophrenia is complex and requires high-level skills and team involvement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Josué Ferreira Sampaio , Lucas Benedito Fogaça Rabito, Sanderland José Tavares Gurgel, Rafaely de Cassia Nogueira Sanches, Waldir Souza, Mario Antonio Sanches, Nelly Lopes de Moraes Gil, Anor Sganzerla Sganzerla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0