Revista Iberoamericana de Bioética is a quarterly scientific journal published as an Open Access Journal by Universidad Pontificia Comillas along with eleven other Ibero-American university centers. The journal follows strict rules in its editorial process that guarantee the quality and relevance of the texts published in it. Revista Iberoamericana de Bioética seeks, with academic rigor, to provide an information and training service to the world of Ibero-American bioethics. It also wants to be an effective tool for the comprehensive training of students in bioethics in various courses, seminars, masters and doctoral programs. We intend to be a reference, and to see it recognized with the inclusion of the journal in the most prestigious indexes and databases; but above all we intend to be useful to the Ibero-American community of bioethics students and teachers, to health professionals and other specialists concerned with bioethics.
The authors of articles published in Revista Iberoamericana de Bioética retain the intellectual property rights over their works and grant the journal their distribution and public communication rights, consenting to their publication under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivates 4.0 Internacional. Authors are encouraged to publish their work on the Internet (for example, on institutional or personal pages, repositories, etc.) respecting the conditions of this license and quoting appropriately the original source.
Spirituality in Families Evaluated for Compulsory Hospitalization Due to Substance Use
This study examines how spirituality is expressed among family members supporting patients with substance use disorders following discharge from involuntary hospitalization. It is an observational multiple case study with a qualitative approach, involving 31 follow-up consultations conducted at 30, 90, and 180 days. Participants’ statements were organized into three analytical categories: conditions for moving forward; the attribution of responsibility to others; and families’ reliance on religiosity. Expressions of spirituality emerged as a valuable resource for coping with and navigating these adverse situations. Post-psychiatric hospitalization care typically emphasizes medical consultations, medication adjustments, and symptom management, often overlooking alternative resources such as spiritual or religious factors. When used as a support strategy, spirituality strengthens the relationship between families and the care team and helps improve self-esteem, suggesting that this resource should be explored more extensively by healthcare professionals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Natacha Rocha Guterres, Marcelo Wüst, Maria Luisa Martins Meinhart, Mariana da Silva Barbosa, Rogério Lessa Horta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Echoes and Resonances of the Ecological Reserve of El Pedregal de San Ángel
This paper analyzes the relationship between philosophy and acoustic ecology in El Pedregal de San Ángel Ecological Reserve (REPSA), highlighting the role of sound in understanding the environment. Three philosophical approaches are discussed: phenomenology, which studies the perception of the soundscape; environmental ethics, which defends the value of sound biodiversity; and philosophical aesthetics, which appreciates the beauty of natural sound. Through these approaches, it reflects on the impact of urban noise and the importance of preserving the acoustic balance in urban ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Héctor Guzmán García, Héctor Guzmán Sanchéz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Cristiane Pieterzack y Caroline Filla Rosaneli (coords.) (2025). Vulnerabilidad y Bioética
Copyright (c) 2025 Carolina Montero Orphanopoulos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Feminization of the Medical Profession, The Permanence of the Medical Palimpsest and its Logic of Masculinization
In recent years, the participation of women in medical training has increased substantially, which has led to consider that the profession is undergoing a process of feminization. However, this article presents, from a series of testimonies of medical professionals in training —residents and undergraduate interns—, elements that allow us to recognize the permanence and reproduction of gendered logics anchored to the Masculine. These logics have been historically elaborated and sedimented, acquiring cultural legitimacy within the profession and becoming moral demands during the training process. This conglomerate, which in this article is referred to as the medical palimpsest, shapes the moral dispositions of physicians-in-training, regardless of their sex, gender identity or other identity coordinates. To account for the medical palimpsest represents the possibility of contributing to clinical bioethics from a critical gender perspective.
Copyright (c) 2025 Luis Alfonso Munive-Valencia, Oliva López Sánchez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Shared Decision Making and its Application to People with Dementia
Shared decision-making has been gaining more space as it represents a conciliatory model between professional knowledge and the individual's right to self-determination. This article proposes a debate on the use of shared decision-making for patients with dementia. Such patients tend to be considered incapable, and it is common to designate substitutes when decisions have to be made. However, there are consistent reports in the literature that patients are not unable to express needs and references. Several factors are highlighted as capable of influencing the greater or lesser involvement of these individuals, from the stage of the disease, characteristics of the caregiver, such as age and degree of kinship, and the type of decision to be made. The conclusion drawn is that shared decision-making can represent a powerful tool, offering the possibility for patients to exercise their personal autonomy, which will bring better outcomes for them and the professionals involved.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jose Reinaldo Madeiro, Aline Albuquerque https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bodies, Souls and Rights: A Bioethical Review of 21st Century Surrogacy
Surrogacy raises ethical challenges concerning autonomy, social justice, and reproductive rights. This article takes a bioethical perspective to examine how feminism and utilitarianism can provide a foundation for fair regulatory frameworks governing this practice. Through a systematic review of academic literature (2015-2024) and a comparative analysis of international regulations (Canada, United Kingdom, Ukraine, United States), it identifies tensions between the protection of surrogate mothers and reproductive rights. The findings highlight that: (1) liberal feminism supports surrogacy under informed consent, whereas radical feminism criticizes it as a form of exploitation; (2) utilitarianism justifies the practice if it maximizes collective well-being, although it overlooks structural inequalities. The article concludes that a global regulatory framework should balance autonomy, protection against exploitation, and the rights of the child, while prioritizing human dignity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Gloria Díaz Rodríguez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Gender Dysphoria in Minors: A Critical Look at Early Medicalization and Proposals for Ethical Support
This article offers a critical analysis of the early medicalization of gender dysphoria in minors from a clinical and bioethical perspective. Beginning with an examination of the Dutch protocol, it explores the tensions between the affirmative model endorsed by WPATH and the recommendations of the British Cass Review. By examining the scientific and ethical foundations underpinning both approaches, the article underscores the inherent complexity of providing care to minors navigating identity-seeking processes. It also offers a bioethical reflection in which the vulnerability of minors is positioned as a guiding principle for deliberation. The article advocates for non-invasive, long-term clinical support and, ultimately, proposes a comprehensive model of care that prioritizes psychosocial assessment, psychological support, family involvement, and therapeutic prudence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Regina Cárdenas Santos, josé María Pardo Sáenz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Dimensions of Health Vulnerabilities Among Transgender People in Brazil: An Integrative Review
Vulnerability is a central theme in public health and bioethics, and transgender people are among the populations most exposed to health risks in Brazil. This group faces high rates of sexually transmitted infections, suicidality, psychoactive substance use, violence, and experiences of social and institutional exclusion. The aim of this study was to analyze the dimensions of vulnerability and their potential mitigating factors in the health of transgender people in Brazil. An integrative review was conducted in national and international databases, following PRISMA guidelines, which resulted in the inclusion of 16 articles. The findings were organized according to Ayres’ model, encompassing individual, social, and programmatic dimensions. Results showed that vulnerabilities are interconnected, reproducing structural inequalities and barriers to access in health services, education, and employment. The conclusion drawn is that the multidimensional approach to vulnerability can guide public policies that are sensitive to the specificities of transgender populations, expanding equality, access, and effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Diego Guedes da Silva, Caroline Filla Rosaneli, Luciana Schleder Gonçalves, Murilo Karasinski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Exploring the Link Between Bioethics, Gender, and Sexual Diversity: Perceptions in an Academic Community at Universidad Veracruzana
This study explored perceptions of bioethics, gender, and sexual diversity within the academic community of the Faculty of Biological Pharmaceutical Chemistry at Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa. Through an online survey applied to students and faculty, attitudes and knowledge regarding the integration of gender perspective and the inclusion of sexual diversity in professional training were analyzed. The results show a broad awareness of the importance of these issues, with greater openness among younger generations and faculty members, although cases of discrimination and more conservative positions persist in certain groups. The findings highlight the need to strengthen bioethical education in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences through inclusive approaches that promote equality and justice. This work provides empirical evidence to guide university and curricular policies toward more respectful and diverse academic communities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Minerva Hernández Lozano, Marcos Fernando Ocaña-Sánchez, Gabriel Arturo Soto Ojeda, Yeyetzy Citlally Cano Callejas, Mauro Antonio Villanueva Lendechy, Erick Joaquín Corro Méndez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bioethics, Transgender People and Human Capabilities
The aim of this article is to address the transgender reality from a dialogue between bioethics and Nussbaum's capabilities approach. First, we suggest how we can approach transgender people from a bioethical perspective. Then, we revisit some of the fundamentals of Nussbaum's normative theory to provide a philosophical foundation for bioethics, and we select three core human capabilities proposed by the philosopher in her list to see what they contribute to our understanding of transgender issues. The conclusion leads us to affirm that the capabilities approach, which has human dignity and an anthropology that combines conation and vulnerability at its core, allows us to enrich the bioethical perspective on transgender people. In addition, we also observe that the selected capabilities help us to grasp certain issues of justice, dignity, and rights, which may also raise bioethical problems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aldo Marcelo Cáceres Roldán https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Keys for Supporting Children and Adolescents in Their Gender Identity Exploration Process as a Teacher: Sustaining, Welcoming, and Listening
This article explores educational support for minors experiencing questions related to gender identity, particularly in trans contexts. From an ethical and pedagogical perspective, it highlights the importance of active listening, emotional containment, and respect for developmental rhythms. It examines the specific characteristics of childhood, adolescence, and youth as stages of identity construction and heightened vulnerability. The article warns against the urgency that often surrounds these processes and proposes a calm, prudent approach grounded in evidence-based information. It also emphasizes the role of families and the need to support them through uncertainty, avoiding rushed responses. The text defends the right to freely develop one’s identity—with or without transition—and advocates for adult presence that does not impose decisions, but rather offers care, presence, and deep respect for the complexity and uniqueness of each personal journey.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marta Pomés Raventós https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Invisibility of Women Who Provide Home Care in Brazil
This article aims to discuss gender issues and the global phenomenon of growing demand for unpaid and socially unrecognized home care, a responsibility which, in Brazil, falls mainly to women. The questions asked are: how much time do women devote to caregiving? And do factors such as education, race, and income influence the amount of time devoted to this care? This research adopts a narrative review as its methodological approach based on the analysis and interpretation of data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The results show that women devote many hours a day to caring for others, in a position of subordination, with distinct and hierarchical social roles, with domestic and caregiving responsibilities, limiting their participation in the labor market and perpetuating inequality. The theoretical discussion is carried out in perspective with the authors Birolli (2016), Bourdieu (2012), Buziquia et al. (2018), Díaz Cueva (2025), Federici (2019), Gilligan (2003), Zoboli (2003), and the results reinforce that gender inequality persists intrinsically in various social spheres.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ana Beatriz Costa Silva, Valquíria Elita Renk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Javier de la Torre (ed.) (2024). Del sufrimiento insoportable al sufrimiento soportable
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Humanized View: Reflections on Bioethics Teaching in Mexico
This work offers a succinct look at the direction of bioethics in the international context, together with its progress in Mexico, from a humanized perspective, highlighting the teaching of bioethics and the challenges involved, through important reflections on the positioning of this discipline in the country. An empirical-analytical methodological reference for the inquiry was determined. This made it possible to identify important documentary facts, and place them in sections to examine their configuration and connections. Among the findings, higher education institutions stand on the first front to re-signify and conceive new ways and conditions of being socially responsible through the teaching of bioethics. However, the work emphasizes the fact that there are still gaps in the ethical training of many professionals, and when this exists on a formal level, university education does not affect social and professional practice, which becomes extremely complex due to the biocultural and diverse context found in Mexico.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pedro César Cantú-Martínez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bioethics Conflicts in the Care of Transgender Adolescents: An Analysis from the Perspective of Protective Bioethicsthics
Caring for transgender adolescents involves bioethical challenges that require healthcare professionals to be prepared to deal with issues of identity, autonomy, and protection. This study aimed to identify bioethical conflicts experienced by professionals when caring for transgender adolescents. This is a qualitative study involving 14 professionals from specialized outpatient clinics, analyzed using content analysis techniques. Seven categories emerged: disagreement among guardians, authorization for hormone therapy, right to confidentiality, self-medication and sexuality, gender identity and violence, mental health and emotional support, family and religious relationships, and access to health care. The results revealed dilemmas related to adolescent autonomy, family influence, and institutional limitations. Based on the Bioethics of Protection, the analysis highlights the importance of practices based on dignity, qualified listening, and the guarantee of rights, contributing to the bioethical debate on care for the transgender population in childhood and adolescence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Isabela de Castro, Jaqueline Gomes de Jesus, Andréia Patrícia Gomes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Copyright (c) 2026 Cíntia Pinho-Reis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Minefield: Bioethics and Psychoactive Substance Use in Mexico
In recent years, significant ethical questions have emerged regarding substance use and care policies, making it necessary to conduct a critical analysis of the conflicts identified. The aim of this article is to explore the bioethical dilemmas associated with the field of drug demand reduction. In this study, the various ethical conflicts were grouped into several categories—substance use and autonomy, legalisation versus prohibition, social responsibility, prevention, treatment, and harm reduction—and analysed through the lens of diverse ethical theories. This preliminary review highlights the urgent need to address the dilemmas arising at all levels of this issue through a multidisciplinary approach that encompasses public awareness‑raising, the training of health professionals, the development of public policies and care programs, and the approval of legal initiatives that contribute to safeguarding the health of people who use psychoactive substances.
Copyright (c) 2026 Xóchitl De San Jorge Cárdenas, Monserrat Armenta Reséndiz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bioethics and Law in the Face of Euthanasia: Reflections Based on Sentence 67-23-IN/24
The recent ruling by the Ecuadorian Constitutional Court decriminalizing active euthanasia under certain conditions is a momentous milestone in Ecuadorian law, as it sets a precedent by recognizing the right to a dignified death as an extension of the right to a dignified life and the free development of personality. This ruling forces lawyers and physicians to rethink the limits of fundamental rights and patient autonomy in the context of incurable diseases and extreme suffering. In this regard, this paper presents a brief observation on Bioethics and Law, analyzing Constitutional Court Ruling 67-23-IN/24.
Copyright (c) 2025 Paolo Vega López, Patricio Cargua Villalva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Thematic Diversity of Bioethics: Challenges and Propositions
Bioethics encompasses a broad diversity of internal perspectives, and this article emphasizes that much of this plurality stems from the wide range of issues it addresses. The aim is to analyze bioethics from its key questions. The main problems and challenges arise in a variety of historical and social contexts, including research involving human subjects, technical‑scientific developments, conflicts in biomedical care, advances in biological research—particularly in genetics—, the exclusion of vulnerable individuals and groups from health and social care, and the unease provoked by impasses and emerging questions. The analysis highlights that these themes are relevant and demand appropriate reflection, suitable methodologies, and dialogue with different disciplines, thereby demonstrating the internal diversity of bioethics. This diversity enriches debate, fosters the accumulation of experience, and uncovers new pathways in response to emerging issues.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mário Antonio Sanches https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Opinion of Psychiatrist on Euthanasia Due to Mental Disorder
The request for euthanasia due to a mental disorder is legally regulated in few countries, and is a controversial issue with few opinion studies existing among psychiatry specialists. Methodology: Spanish psychiatrists are surveyed on questions related to their experience in processes related to euthanasia due to mental disorder, their opinion on aspects of the assessment and on the Spanish Law regulating euthanasia. Results: Between 32 and 48% of psychiatrists supported euthanasia in different psychiatric disorders. More than 80% of respondents supported the possibility of the adequate decision-making capacity of the patient, the existence of unbearable suffering, and the incurability of the disease. 100% of the sample believed it was necessary to evaluate alternative treatments during the evaluation of the request for euthanasia. Conclusions: The results of the study validate the complexity of euthanasia in mental disorders and offer recommendations in this regard.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dulcinea Vega Dávila, Carmen Delia Medina Castellano, Héctor González-de-la-Torre https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Presentation of Selected Bioethical Deliberative Models in Clinical Decision-Making: Reflections on a Case of Severe Hypoxic–Ischemic Encephalopathy in a Newborn. Case Report
The bioethical dilemmas arising in medical practice due to technological advances in recent decades have generated particular interest in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) and among the multidisciplinary teams responsible for caring for this age group. The methodological analysis of the main bioethical conflicts faced by healthcare personnel in daily practice supports more accurate decision-making. This article describes the case of a newborn that presented an ethical dilemma within the therapeutic framework of the NICU treatment team at Hospital Universitario San Ignacio (Bogotá, Colombia), and examines it using several deliberative methodologies described in the literature (Diego Gracia’s model, the casuistic method, convergence ethics, and QUAR+), the implementation of which may be highly useful in everyday pediatric practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mónica Manrique Díaz, Diana Carolina Estrada Cano, Sandra Milena Navarro Marroquín, Cecilia Adriana Álvarez Cabrera, Verónica Luisana Guzmán Pesantez, Margarita del Pilar Pedraza Galvis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Hermeneutic Perspectives on Bioethics in Intercultural and Interethnic Contexts
Based on the reports and voices of Mapuche users who attend the traditional and in­tercultural hospitals present in the Araucanía region, this work seeks to clarify whether these narratives are present in the bioethical discussions generated within the Healthcare Ethics Committees (CEA) when making clinical or therapeutic decisions. To do this, apart from the documentary review, the work involved the semi-structured interview, which consi­ders a sample of members of different CEAs in Araucanía, as well as Mapuche users. The first findings show the importance of the story and narrative of the users at the time of the anamnesis, as well as the importance for the Mapuche patient of the active presence of the “other”, both in the process of diagnosis and treatment. These interviews confirm the presence of “non-theoretical knowledge”, understood as a “concep­tual imaginary”, regarding what is understood by interculturality in the biomedical field. This enables the understanding of the foundations on which the discussion in a CEA is based. The problem is approached from a narrative hermeneutic theoretical approach to develop Intercultural Bioethics capable of including the views of allopathic medicine, as well as indigenous and ancestral medicine, in the biome­dical discourse.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fernando Fuica-García https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Ethics of Care: A Perspective on Nutrition in Advanced Cancer
Nutrition-related problems are common in advanced cancer but are not always properly identified and treated. Food is highly symbolic, establishing a strong connection to life and well-being. The inability to eat and drink is associated with disease progression and death. Nutritional care is the most effective way to address these issues through responsible, conscientious, and compassionate support. In both the ethics of care and palliative care, the relationship and commitment to vulnerable individuals are integral to daily health practices. Through the lens of the ethics of care, we argue that nutritional care provided by dietitians is crucial in palliative care to address nutrition-related issues, resolve moral conflicts and dilemmas, and prevent an increase in vulnerabilities and violations of the rights of patients and families.
Copyright (c) 2025 Monica de Oliveira Benarroz, Rocio Fernandez Santos Viniegra, Edna Corrêa Moreira, Rodrigo Siqueira-Batista https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Bioethics and Clarification of Terminology: INEDyTO Glossary on Bioethics and End of Life
Bioethics education grapples with the challenge of elucidating key concepts related to endof- life issues—such as euthanasia and assisted suicide—due to their inherent ambiguity and the controversies that arise. The Critical Glossary on Bioethics and End of Life serves as an innovative educational resource, offering precise definitions and critical analyses of ethical and normative dimensions. Developed by an interdisciplinary team and validated through meticulous review, the tool enhances critical thinking, synthesis, and communication skills. This article outlines its development methodology, while emphasizing the importance of and the diffusion of this material in different forums, thereby enriching its content and broadening its impact. This type of tool not only improves bioethics teaching but also stirs more informed and pluralistic ethical and clinical debates.
Copyright (c) 2025 Luis Espericueta, Ramón Ortega Lozano, Mar Vallès, David Rodríguez-Arias, Gonzalo Díaz Cobacho, María Victoria Martínez López, Janet Delgado https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Implementation of an Ethics Teaching Unit for Nursing Care Technicians
Ethics in nursing is recognized as essential to ensuring quality care, yet Technical Nursing Assistants (TNA) often lack structured training in this area despite their crucial role in patient care. This study aims to design, implement, and evaluate an ethics education unit to enhance their professional preparation. A mixed-methods approach was used, based on Participatory Action Research (PAR), involving 27 students and six teachers. Tools included interviews, SWOT analysis, gamification, simulations, role-playing, and case discussions. The results revealed limited prior ethical training among TNA students, but the program improved their understanding of key bioethical principles such as autonomy, confidentiality, and informed consent. However, challenges with technical terminology persisted. Integrating ethics education into TNA training programs fosters more ethical, humane, and competent care delivery.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lucía Díaz Barco, Ainoa Biurrun Garrido, M.ª de las Nieves Campos Sánchez, Rocío del Carmen González Peña, Almudena Arroyo Rodríguez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Integration of Bioethics and Humanities in Dentistry: A Narrative of an Educational Experience
Given the importance of training our students in values with a view to caring for the health and well-being of patients, the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Talca is working with special interest in transversally expanding bioethical training across the curricular grid. Furthermore, the implicit challenges of moral teaching in dentistry make it necessary to implement innovative methodologies that generate experiences that can be projected throughout the professional life. Specifically, this work aims to share the experience of a particular academic activity developed during the third year of the degree, together with the foundations and motivations of the academic body.
Copyright (c) 2025 Marcela Espinosa San Martín, Jorge Oliva Te-Kloot https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Ethical Compass in Medical Education. Forging Moral Agents in a Dynamic Healthcare Environment
The text highlights the need to integrate ethics into medical education to train professionals who are not only technically competent, but also morally responsible. It uses the figure of Ulysses in the Odyssey to illustrate the importance of resilience and introspection in times of adversity. It emphasizes that, although scientific and technical advances are crucial, they must be accompanied by solid ethical training to face the challenges of the current health environment. Medical ethics is not only based on theoretical principles, but also on the practice of virtues such as prudence and respect. In addition, the article underlines the importance of a curriculum that includes both formal training and the influence of the ‘hidden curriculum’, i.e. implicit learnings acquired through experience and interaction with mentors and colleagues.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ángela López-Tarrida https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Women as Family Caregivers for Patients at the End of Life: A Perspective from the Ethics of Care. Systematic Review (January 2010 – June 2024)
The informal caregiver (a woman in 55–89% of cases) experiences a greater multidimensional burden as the patient’s death approaches, which adds to their suffering. The objective of this study was to examine the current literature and identify the profile of female family caregivers at end of life from the perspective of the ethics of care. The following databases were used to do so: SciELO, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Semantic Scholar, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and CINAHL. Ten articles were found in Spanish, English, and Portuguese, incorporating literature from Switzerland, a Nigeria–Uganda–Zimbabwe collaboration, Turkey, Brazil, Spain, Colombia, the United Kingdom, Iceland, and Norway. The analysis infers that the female family caregiver—whether within the home or linked to a profession such as nursing—is the primary person responsible for the care of vulnerable individuals (patients, people with disabilities), regardless of the country of origin, according to the reviewed literature. Conclusion: The well-being, quality of life, and preservation of the dignity of the informal caregiver underpin the need for comprehensive support for the patient with the aid of palliative care and the development of caregiver-oriented health policies, thereby fostering a more humane and compassionate approach.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mercedes del Pilar Díaz Cueva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluation of Learning Competency Design in the Bioethics Training of Healthcare Professionals
Given its relevance in ethical decision-making in healthcare, advanced training in bioethics is essential for healthcare professionals. The evaluation of the design of competencies in bioethics learning programs requires a comprehensive analysis that considers their formal or material focus and ensures quality criteria such as clarity, specificity, alignment, measurability, progressiveness and relevance. This study aims to classify and analyze the specific competencies of a Master’s program in Bioethics and Humanization of Care, evaluating its orientation towards formal or material bioethics and applying a qualitative methodological approach based on the use of ChatGPT to assess the quality of its writing. The results highlight the level of adequacy of the learning competencies for the bioethics education of healthcare professionals, offering an evaluation model applicable to the improvement of training programs in this field.
Copyright (c) 2025 José María Galán González-Serna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0