La asimilación segmentada sobre el terreno: la nueva segunda generación al inicio de la vida adulta

Alejandro Portes; Patricia Fernández Kelly; William Haller

Autores/as

Alejandro Portes Universidad de Princeton
Patricia Fernández Kelly Universidad de Princeton
William Haller Universidad de Clemson

Palabras clave:

Segunda generación, Integración segmentada, Aculturación disonante y consonante, Modos de incorporación

Resumen

Se consideran la literatura sobre la asimilación segmentada y los modelos teóricos alternativos referentes a la incorporación social de la segunda generación, resumiendo luego el marco teórico elaborado al desarrollar el Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study y presentando pruebas de su tercera encuesta dedicada en South Florida a hipótesis alternativas. Encontramos que la mayoría de los jóvenes de la segunda generación está avanzando en lo que se refiere a la educación y al trabajo, pero también que una minoría significativa se está quedando atrás. Dentro de las diferentes nacionalidades, este último grupo no está distribuido al azar, sino que corresponde rigurosamente a los pronósticos basados en el capital humano, el tipo de familia y en el modo de integración de los padres de los inmigrantes. Es evidente que los miembros de la segunda generación se asimilarán, sea con éxito o sin él, lo que se refiere al aprendizaje de la cultura americana, pero será de forma muy diferente si lo hacen uniéndose a la clase media mayoritaria o a la población de clase baja, en su mayoría marginados y víctimas del racismo. Los relatos tomados del módulo etnográfico que acompañan al estudio sitúan en perspectiva los resultados cuantitativos e ilustran la realidad de la integración segmentada tal y como ocurre hoy en la sociedad norteamericana.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

ALBA, RICHARD y VICTOR NEE (2003): Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

ALBA, RICHARD D. (1985): Italian Americans: Into the Twilight of Ethnicity, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

ANDERSON, ELIJAH (1993): «The Ordeal of Respect», Dto de Sociología, Universidad de Pennsylvania, Manuscrito.

BERK, RICHARD (1983): «An Introduction to Sample Selection Bias in Sociological Data», American Sociological Review, 48:386-98.

BLUESTONE, BARRY y BENNETT HARRISON (1982): The Deindustrialization of America, New York: Basic Books.

CHILD, IRVIN L. (1943): Italian or American? The Second Generation in Conflict, New Haven: Yale University Press.

COLEMAN, JAMES (1988): «Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital», American Journal of Sociology, 94.

DANCE, L. JANELLE (2002): Tough Fronts: The Impact of Street Culture on Schooling, New York: Routledge Falmer.

FERNÁNDEZ-KELLY, M. PATRICIA (1995): «Social and Cultural Capital in the Urban Ghetto: Implications for the Economic Sociology of Immigration», en Alejandro Portes (ed.), The Economic Sociology of Immigration: Essays in Network, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 213-47.

— y SARA CURRAN (2001): «Nicaraguans: Voices Lost, Voices Found», en R. G. Rumbaut y A. Portes (eds.), Ethnicities: Children of Immigrants in America, Berkeley, CA: UC Press y Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 127-155.

FINNEGAN, WILLIAM (1996): «The New Americans», The New Yorker (March 25): 52-71.

GANS, HERBERT (1992): «Second-Generation Decline: Scenarios for the Economic and Ethnic Futures of the Post-1965 American Immigrants», Ethnic and Racial Studies, 15:173-92.

GIBSON, MARGARET A. (1997): «Exploring and Explaining the Variability: The School Performance of Today’s Immigrant Students», trabajo presentado a la conferencia sobre la Segunda Generación, Jerome Levy Economic Institute, Bard College, Octubre.

— (1989): Accommodation Without Assimilation: Sikh Immigrants in an American High School. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

HECKMAN, JAMES (1979): «Sample Selection as a Specification Error», Econometrica 45:153-61.

HIRSCHMAN, CHARLES (2001): «The Educational Enrollment of Immigrant Youth: A Test of the Segmented Assimilation Hypothesis», Demography 38 (August): 317-336.

JENSEN, LEIF (2001): «The Demographic Diversity of Immigrants and their Children», en Rubén G. Rumbaut y Alejandro Portes (eds.), Ethnicities: Children of Immigrants in America, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press y Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 21-56.

KIRCHEMAN, JOLEEN y KATHRYN M. NECKERMAN (1991): «We Love to Hire Them But..: The Meaning of Race to Employers», en C. Jencks y P. E. Peterson (eds.):, The Urban Underclass, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, p. 203-34.

LÓPEZ, DAVID E. y RICARDO D. STANTON-SALAZAR (2001): «Mexican-Americans: A Second Generation at Risk», en R. G. Rumbaut y A. Portes (eds.), Ethnicities: Children of Immigrants in America, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press y Russell Sage Foundation, pp. 57-90.

MARKS, CAROLE (1989 Farewell We’re Good and Gone, the Great Black Migration, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

MASSEY, DOUGLAS S. y NANCY DENTON (1993): American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

MASSEY, DOUGLAS S. y DEBORAH HIRST (1998): «From Escalator to Hourglass: Changes in the U.S. Occupational Structure, 1949-1989», Social Science Research 27: 51-71.

MATTHEI, LINDA M. y DAVID A. SMITH (1996): «Women, Households, and Transnational Migration Networks: The Garifuna and Global Economic Restructuring», en R. P. Korzeniewicz y W. C. Smith (eds.), Latin America in the World Economy, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, pp. 133-49.

NECKERMAN, KATHRYN M., PRUDENCE CARTER, y JENNIFER LEE (1999): «Segmented Assimilation and Minority Cultures of Mobility», Ethnic and Racial Studies 22 (November): 945-965.

PERLMANN, JOEL (2004): «The Mexican-American Second Generation in Census 2000: Education and Earnings», trabajo presentado a la conferencia sobre la Nueva Generacion: Juventud Inmigrante y Familias en Perspectiva Comparada, Radcliffe Institute for Aced Studies, Harvard University, Octubre.

— y ROGER WALDINGER (1997): «Second Generation Decline? Immigrant Children Past and Present – A Reconsideration», International Migration Review 31: 893-922.

PORTES, ALEJANDRO (1998): «Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology», Annual Review of Sociology 24:1-24.

— y LINGXIN HAO (2004): «The Schooling of Children of Immigrants: Contextual Effects on the Educational Attainment of the Second Generation», Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101: 11920-11927.

— LINGXIN HAO (2002): «The Price of Uniformity: Language, Family, y Personality Adjustment in the Second Generation», Ethnic and Racial Studies 25 (November): 889-912.

PORTES, ALEJANDRO, y RUBÉN G. RUMBAUT (1996 Immigrant America: A Portrait, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

— 2001. Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press y Russell Sage Foundation.

PORTES, ALEJANDRO y MIN ZHOU (1993): “The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants Among Post-1965 Immigrant Youth», The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 530:74-96.

ROSENBLUM, GERALD (1973): Immigrant Workers: Their Impact on American Radicalism, New York: Basic Books.

ROTHER, LARRY (1998): «Island life not idyllic for youths from U.S.», The New York Times, 20 February, 1.

ROYSTER, DEIRDRE (2003): Race and the Invisible Hand, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

RUGGLES, STEVEN y MATTHEW SOBEK, TRENT ALEXANDER, CATHERINE A. FITCH, RONALD GOEKEN, PATRICIA KELLY HALL, MIRIAM KING, y CHAD RONNANDER (2004): Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 3.0, Minneapolis: Project Censal Historico, Universidad de Minnesota.

SASSEN, SASKIA (1989): «New York City»s Informal Economy», en A. Portes, M. Castells, y L. A. Benton (eds.):, The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries, Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 60-77.

SULLIVAN, MERCER L (1989): Getting Paid: Youth Crime and Work in the Inner City, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

THOMAS, WILLIAM I. y FLORIAN ZNANIECKI [1918-20] (1984): The Polish Peasant in Europe and America 1918-1920, Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

U.S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS (2003): «The Foreign-born Population in the United States: March 2002», Current Population Reports, pp. 20-539 (February).

VIGIL, JAIME DIEGO (2002): A Rainbow of Gangs: Street Cultures in the Mega-City, Austin, University of Texas Press.

VIGIL, JAMES DIEGO (1988): Barrio Gangs: Street Life and Identity in Southern California, Austin: University of Texas Press.

WALDINGER, ROGER y JOEL PERLMANN (1998): «Second Generations: Past, Present, Future», Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 24: 5-24.

WATERS, MARY (1994): «Ethnic and Racial Identities of Second Generation Black Immigrants in New York City», International Migration Review 28:795-820.

WATERS, MARY (1996): «West Indian Family Resources and Adolescent Outcomes», trabajo presentado a las reuniones de la Asociación Americana para el Avance de la Ciencia, Baltimore, Febrero.

WESTERN, BRUCE (2002): «The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality», American Sociological Review (August): 526-546.

WILSON, KENNETH y W. ALLEN MARTIN (1982): «Ethnic Enclaves: A Comparison of the Cuban and Black Economies in Miami», American Journal of Sociology 88:135-60.

WILSON, WILLIAM J. (1987): The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

— ZHOU MING y CARL N. BANKSTON III (1996): «Social Capital and the Adaptation of the Second Generation: The Case of Vietnamese Youth in New Orleans», en A. Portes (ed.), The New Second Generation, New York: Russell Sage, pp. 197-220.