Acculturative Stress and Coping in a Sample of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Lima (Peru)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14422/mig.i46.y2019.006Keywords:
acculturative stress, coping, refugees, asylum seekersAbstract
The aim of this study was to explore migratory stressors and coping strategies linked to the process of acculturation in a sample of refugees and asylum seekers who were living in Lima (Peru). Through a qualitative methodology, 22 semi-structured interviews were analyzed (11 males and 11 females) from Venezuela, Colombia and Cuba, among others. As result, the main stressors were grouped in three themes: poor living conditions/rights, difficulties to interact with locals and family issues. The main coping strategies described were: spiritual life, thinking about the wellness of their families, believing on their own capabilities, expressing emotions and worries, actively searching for solutions and social support. In conclusion: refugees and asylum seekers experiment several stressors at the same time and develop different coping strategies in the adaptation process.Downloads
References
Abubakar, I., Aldridge, R., Devakumar, D., Orcutt, M., Burns, R., Barreto, M. (…), Zimmerman, C. (2018). The UCL–Lancet Commission on Migration and Health: the health of a world on the move. The Lancet, 392. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31581-1
Achotegui, J. (2008). Duelo migratorio extremo: el síndrome del inmigrante con estrés crónico y múltiple (Síndrome de Ulises). Avances en salud mental relacional, 7(1), 15-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4858(09)74665-7
ACNUR. (2014). Plan de Acción de Brasil: América Latina y el Caribe adoptan una hoja de ruta común para responder a las nuevas tendencias del desplazamiento y poner el fin a la apatridia. Recuperado de: https://www.acnur.org/5b5100c04.pdf
ACNUR. (2016). Tendencias globales. Desplazamiento forzado en 2015. Forzados a Huir. Recuperado de http://www.acnur.org/fileadmin/Documentos/Publicaciones/2016/10627.pdf?view=1.
ACNUR. (2017). Tendencias Globales. Desplazamiento Forzado en 2016. Recuperado de https://www.acnur.org/5ab1316b4.pdf
ACNUR. (2018). Tendencias Globales. Desplazamiento Forzado en 2017. Recuperado de https://www.acnur.org/es-es/stats/globaltrends/5b2956a04/tendencias-globales-desplazamiento-forzado-en-2017.html
Ai, A., Tice, T., Whitsett, D., y Ishisaka, T. (2007). Posttraumatic symptoms and growth of Kosovar war refugees: The influence of hope and cognitive coping. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2, 55-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760601069341
Aref, I., y Tummala-Narra, P. (2015). Psychotherapy with refugees: Emerging paradigm. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 20, 449-467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2014.949145
Bencek, D., y Strasheim, J. (2016). Refugees welcome? A dataset on antirefugee violence in Germany. Research and Politics, 3(4), 1-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168016679590
Bentley, J., Ahmad, Z., y Thoburn, J. (2014). Religiosity and posttraumatic stress in a simple of East African refugees. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 17 (2), 185-195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2013.784899
Berganza, I. (2016). Ciudadanía migrante. Rutas, costos y dinámicas de los flujos mixtos en tránsito por Perú. Lima: Universidad Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, Encuentros SJS. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18543/djhr-2-2017pp151-156
Berry, J. (2005). Acculturation: living succesfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29 (6), 697-712. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.07.013
Bhugra, D. (2004). Migration and mental health. Acta Psychiatri Scand, 109(4), 243-258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0001-690x.2003.00246.x
Bonnano, G. E. (2010). Weighing the costs of disaster: consequences, risks and resilience in individuals, families and communities. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11(1), 1-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100610387086
Boucher, M. (2009). Finding resiliency, standing tall: Exploring trauma, hardship, and healing with refugees. The International Journal of Narrative Therapy and Community Work, 4, 44-51. Recuperado de https://dulwichcentre.com.au/product/finding-resiliency-standing-tall-exploring-trauma-hardship-and-healing-with-refugees-michael-boucher/
Cabrerizo, P., y Villacieros, I. (2017). Refugiados en Lima. Características sociales, medios de vida y percepción sobre el estrés de refugiados y solicitantes de asilo en Lima-Perú. Lima: Universidad Antonio Ruiz de Montoya, ACNUR, Encuentros Servicio Jesuita de la Solidaridad. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18543/djhr-2-2017pp151-156
Cano, F., Rodríguez, L., y García, J. (2007). Spanish version of the Coping Strategies Inventory. Actas españolas de psiquiatría, 35(1), 29-39. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17323223
CCPM, Migraciones, C. C. y Acnur. (2013). Diagnostico participativo con refugiados/as y solicitantes de asilo en Perú. Lima: ACNUR.
Clarke, L., y Border, L. (2014). “You got to apply seriousnees”: A phenomenological inquiri of Liberian refugees coping. Journal of Counselling and Development, 92(3), 294-303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00157.x
De Luca, S., Bobowik, M., y Basabe, N. (2011). Adaptación sociocultural de inmigrantes brasileños en el País Vasco: Bienestar y aculturación. Revista de Psicología Social, 26(2), 275-294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1174/021347411795448983
De Luca, S., y Telletxea, S. (2017). Choque y adaptación sociocultural una visión en espejo: vascos y brasileños. Universitas Psychologica, 16(5), 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy16-5.casv
Finch, B., Hummer, R., Kolody, B., y Vega, W. (2001). The role of discrimination and acculturative stress in the physical health of Mexican origin adults. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 23, 399-429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0739986301234004
Finch, B., y Vega, W. (2003). Acculturation stress, social support, and selfrated health among Latinos in California. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 5, 109-117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023987717921
Finklestein, M., Laufer, A., y Solomon, Z. (2012). Coping strategies of Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: association with PTSD and dissociation. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53(6), 490-498. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2012.00972.x
Flick, U. (2015). El diseño de investigación cualitativa. Madrid: Morata.
Furnham, A., y Bochner, S. (1986). Culture shock: Psychological reactions to unfamiliar environments. London: Methuen.
Goodman, J. (2004). Coping with trauma and hardship among unaccompanied refugee youth from Sudan. Qualitative Health Research, 14(9), 1177-1196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732304265923
Gunnar, M., y Quevedo, K. (2007). The Neurobiology of Stress and Development. The Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 145-173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605
Guribye, E. S. (2011). Communal proactive coping strategies among Tamil refugees in Norway: A case study in a naturalistic setting. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 5(1), 9-21. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1752-4458-5-9
Haagen, J., Heidi, F., Jackie, J., Mooren, T., Knipscheer, J., y Kleber, R. (2017). Predicting post-traumactic stress disorder treatment response in refugees: Multilevel analysis. Bristish Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(1), 69-83. doi: 10.1111/bjc.12121.
Hernández, R., Fernández-Collado, C., y Baptista, P. (2014). Metodología de la Investigación. Sexta Edición. México D. F.: McGraw Hill.
Horyniak, D., Higgs, P., Cogger, S., Dietze, P., y Bofu, T. (2016). Heavy alcohol consumption among marginalised African refugee Young people in Melbourne, Australia: motivations for drinking, experiences of alcoholrelated problems and strategies for managing drinking. Ethnicity and Health, 21(3), 284-299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2015.1061105
Hovey, J., y King, C. (1996). Acculturative stress, depression, and suicidal ideation among immigrant and second-generation Latino adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1183-1192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199609000-00016
Hovey, J. (1999). Psychosocial predictors of acculturative stress in Central American immigrants. Journal of Immigrant Health, 1, 187-194. Recuperado de https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/44942/10903_2004_Article_412535.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Hsieh, H., y Shannon, S. (2005). Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277-1288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
Huijts, I., Kleijn, W., Van Emmerik, A., Noordhof, A., y Smith, A. (2012). Dealing woth man-made trauma: The relationship between coping style, posttraumatic stress, and quality of life in resettled, traumatized refugees in the Netherlands. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25 (1), 71-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21665
INEI. (2017). Estadísticas de seguridad ciudadana. Informe técnico. Lima: INEI.
Lazarus, R., y Folkman, S. (1986). Estrés y Procesos Cognitivos. Barcelona: Springer Publishing.
Ley del Refugiado. Ley Núm. 27891. Congreso de la República del Perú. (2002)
Medicos Sin Fronteras (2016). Negleted trauma. Asylum seekers in Italy: an analysis of mental health distress and access to healthcare. Milán: Medecins sans frontiers.
Morrison, D. (2016). Being with uncertainty: A reflective account of a personal relationship with an asylum seeker/refugee. Counselling Psychology Review, 31 (2), 10-21.
Poortinga, Y. (1997). Towards Convergence? En J. P. Berry, Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology. Volumen 1: Theory and Methods. Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon.
Puvimanasinghe, T., Denson, L., Augoustinos, M., y Somasundaram, D. (2014). Giving back to society what society gave us: altruism, coping, and meaning making by two refugee communities in South Australia. Australian Psychologist, 49 (5), 313-321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12065
Rae, S. (2016). Somali male refugees: perceptions of depression and helpseeking. Counselling Psychology Review, 31(2), 46-60. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.29682.15049
Renner, W., Laireiter, A., y Maier, M. (2012). Social support as a moderator of acculturatuve stress among refugees and asylum seekers. Social Behaviour and Personality: an international journal, 40(1), 129-146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.1.129
Rubio, P. (2012). La Protección Internacional de Refugiados en Perú: Ley 27.891 y su reglamento. En M. Lettieri, Protección internacional de refugiados en el Sur de Sudamérica (pp.443-480). Buenos Aires: Ediciones UNLa.
Seglem, K., Oppedal, B., y Roysamb, E. (2014). Daily hassles and coping dispositions as predictors of psychological adjustment: A comparative study of young unaccompanied refugees and youth in the resettlement country. International Journal of behavioral Development, 38(3), 293-303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0165025414520807
Séiner, K. (2014). Evaluación de medios de vida sostenibles de refugiados y solicitantes de asilo en Lima (Perú). Lima: Comisión Católica de Migración, Comisión Especial para los Refugiados, ACNUR.
Skinner, E., y Zimmer-Gembeck, M. (2007). The development of Coping. AnnualReview of Psychology, 58, 119-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085705
Torres Fernández, I., Pereira, S., Aicart, J., y Salas, G. (2018). Cruzando Fronteras Internacionales en Búsqueda de una Vida Mejor: Examinando el Impacto Psicológico de la Experiencia Migratoria. Universitas Psychologica, 16(5), 1-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy16-5.cibs
Urzúa M. A., Basabe, N., Echeverry, M., y Gibbons, J. (2017). Editorial. Universitas Psychologica, 16(5), 1-3. Recuperado de: https://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/revPsycho/article/view/21073
Urzúa M. A., Basabe, N., Pizarro, J., y Ferrer, R. (2017). Afrontamiento del estrés por aculturación: inmigrantes latinos en Chile. Universitas Psychologica, 16(5), 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.upsy16-5.aeai
Villacieros, I., Berástegui, A., y Aza, G. (2016). Resiliencia familiar: un acercamiento al fenómeno de la triple frontera Perú, Bolivia, Chile, desde la perspectiva de los adolescentes. Madrid: Universidad Pontificia de Comillas. Recuperado de http://hdl.handle.net/11531/18375.
Ward, C., y Kennedy, A. (1999). The measurement of sociocultural adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23, 659-678. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0147-1767(99)00014-0
Walsh, F. (2004). Resiliencia familiar. Estrategias para su fortalecimiento. Buenos Aires: Amorrortu.
Zarza, M., y Sobrino, M. (2007). Estrés de adaptación sociocultural en inmigrantes latinoamericanos residentes en Estados Unidos vs. España: Una revisión bibliográfica. Anales de Psicología, 23, 72-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/731757807141
Zlobina, A., Basabe, N., y Páez, D. (2008). Las estrategias de aculturación de los inmigrantes: su significado psicológico. Revista de Psicología Social, 23(2), 143-150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1174/021347408784135760
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The authors of articles published in Migraciones retain the intellectual property rights over their works and grant the journal their distribution and public communication rights, consenting to their publication under a Creative Commons NonCommercial-NoDerivatives-Attribution 4.0 International License. Authors are encouraged to publish their work on the Internet (for example, on institutional or personal pages, repositories, etc.) respecting the conditions of this license and quoting appropriately the original source.