Pensamiento. Revista de Investigación e Información Filosófica
Pensamiento es una revista orientada fundacionalmente a la publicación de todo aquello que tenga ampliamente una relación con la filosofía. Pero no es una revista culturalista, de actualidad o miscelánea, sino orientada a la publicación de artículos científicos de investigación, normalmente producidos en ámbitos académicos universitarios, pero no sólo. Sus artículos, notas, comentarios bibliográficos o crónicas, hacen siempre relación a un enfoque serio, riguroso, científico, académico, de la filosofía. Sus autores y colaboradores han surgido en parte de aquellas instituciones de la Compañía de Jesús que la sustentan y editan, pero no sólo, ya que desde sus primeros años de existencia Pensamiento ha estado abierta a todos y ha sido vehículo de expresión donde han publicado sus artículos importantes filósofos y profesores universitarios, tanto de España como de América Latina preferentemente. Pensamiento, en la actualidad, sigue abierta a la publicación de cuantos productos de calidad le sean ofrecidos. Pensamiento edita tres números al año de carácter ordinario. Desde 2007 viene publicando un volumen especial dentro de la serie: Ciencia, Filosofía y Religión. Pensamiento consta, entre otros, en los siguientes índices y bases de datos internacionales y nacionales: Colección principal de la Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics): Arts & Humanities Citation Index. SCOPUS (Elsevier). Current Contents Connect (WoS). PERIODICAL INDEX ONLINE (ProQuest). INTERNATIONALE BIBLIOGRAPHIE DER GEISTES IBZ. REPERTOIRE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE DE LA PHILOSOPHIE DE LOUVAIN. PHILOSOPHER'S INDEX (The Philosopher`s center). CBUC (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitàries de Catalunya). InDICEs CSIC. DIALNET (repositorio). LATINDEX. ULRICH`S (ProQuest). MIAR (Sistema de medición cuantitativa de la visibilidad de las publicaciones periódicas en Ciencias Sociales: índice de difusión ICDS de PENSAMIENTO: 9.977). REDIB, Red Iberoamericana de Innovación y Conocimiento Científico.
The publishing Universidad Pontificia Comillas retain the copyright of articles published in Pensamiento. Reuse of content is allowed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivates 3.0 Unported. Authors are encouraged to publish their work on the Internet (for example, on institutional or personal pages, repositories, etc.) respecting the conditions of this license and quoting appropriately the original source.
J. D. Durand (2024). Les Maritain intimes
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
J. Ortega y Gasset (2021). La idea de principio en Leibniz y la evolución de la teoría deductiva
Alicia Villar (2024). Blaise Pascal: pensar sin límites
M. Guibert-Elizalde (2024). Memoria y olvido en Nietzsche
Memory of Place, Nature and Landscape in the Era of the Anthropocene. Questions and Paths to Consider our Belonging to Nature and Mother Earth
Given the alarming ecological situation of our time, for which humans are responsible, it is not only necessary to think about the particular measures and solutions that should be taken to counteract the devastating environmental impacts. Along with proposing specific measures and before designing possible «solutions» we should stop and make memory. We should remember what we are repressing and exploiting in order to make memory of the origin and foundation that sustains all human and non-human beings. In Western European thought what we have repressed and exploited is nature. In the wisdom of native peoples, the origin and foundation that we must reminisce about and respect is Mother Earth. In the first part, the article analyzes Western ways of remembering nature through mourning and nostalgia, which can be evoked by destroyed, «sick», extinct, «pressured» or endangered landscapes. These attitudes and sensations will be confronted in the second part with the way in which native peoples conceive the natural environment that they feel and live as their home. As will be seen, the place that the latter inhabit through their activities, rituals and physical-spiritual practices cannot be separated from the remembrance of both human and non-human ancestors and with it from the countless and changing relationships that Mother Earth houses. Making memory here means respecting and caring for the balance of Mother Earth, connecting and bringing together time and space, the human and the non-human, the physical and the spiritual.
Ethical perspectives applied to the field of artificial intelligence
The development of artificial intelligence (AI) will bring about significant transformations in various spheres of human action. The introduction of synthetic intellects into the human lifeblood raises a series of issues that must be addressed from the perspective of moral philosophy. In this regard, several ethical approaches are implicit in the postulates of certain AI theorists, and some are identified in this paper. This identification and subsequent categorization within various ethical currents aims to clarify the initiatives that have been undertaken within moral philosophy to analyze a technology characterized by ambivalence.
Big history as synthesis of the cosmo-bio-anthropological evolution (II). The emergence and complexity as the foundation of the evolutionary process
This paper is the second part of an our previous one, which continues with the brief overview of the whole evolution, that we named cosmo-bio-anthropological evolution. In this second paper, we present a synthesis of human evolution, the development of intelligence and the emergence of consciousness, and the scientific description and subsequent philosophical reflection, highlighting the emerging and complex characters, which we believe are structural effects of the evolutionary process.
Independent creation and natural selection in Darwin: a rhetorical analysis of an early contribution to the third culture
This article examines the rhetorical strategies employed by Darwin in On the Origin of Species, focusing on how his critique of independent creation and his defence of natural selection shape a discourse that transcends the strictly scientific domain. Through the analysis of key passages —especially chapter endings— rhetorical devices such as adversative clauses, rhetorical questions, analogy, and distancing are explored. Far from being mere stylistic embellishments, these strategies structure a scientific narrative marked by internal coherence and persuasive force. The study is framed within the field of Literary Darwinism, conceived here as a contemporary expression of the Third Culture project, insofar as it explores how Darwin’s discourse builds bridges between science, language, and culture. It is argued that this rhetorical configuration represents an early contribution to that convergence of knowledge systems, while also challenging conventional disciplinary boundaries.
Phenomenology, pedagogy and christology in the «unwritten part» of Hegel’s Encyclopedia of the philosophical sciences (Critical remarks to R. Valls Plana’s edition)
The writing of the attaches (Zusätze) of the Encyclopedia by Hegels disciples is considered by te most purist Hegelians as a betrayal of the original spirit of the work. Against this opinion (based on not negligible reasons, but merely philological and doxographical ones), I will to argue: that this «betrayal» is in some way necessary, that responds to the failure of the phenomenological project and the pedagogical vocation wich (as a result of that failure) assumes the Encyclopedia system from the beginning and, very particularly, after the death of its author, a moment in which the aforementioned vocation acquires a christological scope inspired by Hegel's profound understanding of the Gospel.
Psycho-analysis of the Authoritarian Dynamic: Narcissistic Fillings and Secondary Authoritarianism
The political life of contemporary Western societies is characterised by the rise of an authoritarian dynamic. This dynamic has multiple manifestations, the most prominent of which is animosity and resentment at groups stigmatized as alien or different. They are denigrated and turned into the object of harassment and discrimination. This is often accompanied by an exacerbated chauvinistic nationalism. This article analyses the link between these manifestations and authoritarian dynamic, drawing on early research on prejudice and on contributions by critical theory, particularly its incorporation of psychoanalysis. The concepts of «narcissistic filling» and «secondary authoritarianism» contribute to updating these contributions in connection with the assumption of the function of authority by the growth-oriented economy, considered against its religious background.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Freedom and Social Order: On Democracy and Authoritarian Liberalism
Bourgeois society and its state cannot do without authoritarianism. The state is the independent organisation of bourgeois society. It is its concentrated power and organised force especially in order to control the troublesome masses whose struggle to make ends meet is seen as a threat to its freedom and tranquillity, its order and law. In this context, authoritarian liberalism calls for strong government to ensure the depoliticization of (mass) society. The term authoritarian liberalism was originally introduced to characterise Carl Schmitt’s proclamation of a strong state and a free economy in 1932. Its meaning is perhaps best summarised with reference to Hayek’s contention, made in support of the Pinochet dictatorship in Chile, that a dictatorship might be more liberal in its policies than a mass democratic assembly. In a global political economy characterised by a crushing neoliberal stasis, entrenched class relations and significant right-wing populist movements in Western Europe and beyond, and against the backdrop of right-wing populist governments, what happens next is open to question.
Structural Antisemitism: Between Invisibility and Denial of Guilt
The existence of antisemitism has long been reported in progressive circles as well. These are social groups that are more sensitive to the structural nature of discrimination and have a high sympathy for vulnerable populations and follow the post-structuralist logic of critique of power. However, instead of including the understanding of the structural character of antisemitic discrimination within progressive activities, there seems to be a specific resistance to self-criticism on the issue of antisemitism that differs fundamentally from the treatment of other forms of discrimination. The present article aims to explore the reasons why the understanding of antisemitism as structural discrimination has not been able to penetrate academic and social debates —just as the understanding of the structural character of sexism or racism has penetrated these debates— beyond the circles of antisemitism scholars. To this end, I will present in the first part some elements of the discursive structural logic of antisemitism. I will explore in the second part social structural conditions that favor the perception of reality according to an antisemitic worldview. In the third part I will discuss the material and practical structural effects of antisemitism and finally present specific denial of guilt mechanisms of antisemitism. It shows how the antisemitic logic itself provides specific forms of neutralization and denial, different from and additional to the other known forms of guilt rejection.
The Uses of the AI in Contexts of Expanding Authoritarianism
When talking about the relationship between artificial intelligence and authoritarianism, it is usually explained how this technology can be a powerful instrument in the hands of an authoritarian conception and practice of power. This text reflects on how certain authoritarian contexts may be influencing the development and use of artificial intelligence. For this purpose, special attention is paid to two issues: a) the informational and evaluative functions contained and conveyed by artificial intelligence systems, and especially generative artificial intelligence systems, and b) to what extent the use of these systems can influence the evaluative perception that people have of reality and our conception and practice of decision-making.
Levinas and Education: An ethical response to Totalitarianism
Unfortunately, current education, as it is proposed, is not doing enough to prevent the fulfillment of Adorno's imperative, according to which all reflection and action must seek to prevent a repeat of Auschwitz or any other similar cruelty. This article aims to try to relate the trinomial: Levinas, totalitarianism and education. The idea is to show how, based on levinasian philosophy and ethics, it is possible to establish a new education against the totality of being and against all forms of barbarism. It concludes with some landings of the levinasian postulates formulated from the pedagogy of otherness and which are specified in: education as donation and ethics as a condition of possibility of education; the educational value of the unexpected and the impossibility of programming the ethical response; scenarios of warmth and welcoming gestures that make the pedagogical encounter possible; education as resistance to evil and as a way of denying our own consent; and memory and testimony as instruments to promote pedagogical otherness.
Monstrous Amalgams. The Reactionary Left and the Prefiguration of the New Authoritarianisms: The Case of Pier Paolo Pasolini and Christopher Lasch
The philosophical and scientific study of political neo-authoritarianism faces the difficulty of accurately defining the characteristics of a polymorphous emerging phenomenon that fuses traditionalist and countercultural elements, attacks the conventional right wing for its moderation but at the same time tries to address progressive people... This article focuses on the counter-hegemonic power of the new radical right, its capacity to mobilize negative affects that force people in opposing political positions to take into consideration —even if only to combat them— their political choices. To this end, we examine some of the criticisms that two authors belonging to the progressive arena, Christopher Lasch and Pier Paolo Pasolini, addressed against left-wing politics of their time in another moment of global polycrisis, the seventies of the last century.
Hate as a Passion of the Being in the Psychoanalysis of Jacques Lacan
The text proposes to analyze the contemporary rise of the far-right through a Lacanian-oriented psychoanalytic study of hate. It first explains Jacques Lacan’s distinction between the passions of being (love, ignorance, and hate) and the passions of the soul (joy, sadness). A distinction is then drawn between racism as a phenomenon linked to the register of the Imaginary, and hate as pointing towards the Lacanian concept of the Real. Finally, hate is characterized as the hatred of a different mode of jouissance, as hatred of Otherness, and as hatred of the other who is believed to obstruct social wholeness.
«What Falls, that You Must Push»: Reading the ContemporaryAuthoritarian Turn with Th. W. Adorno
The article examines the contemporary authoritarian turn through a reading of Th. W. Adorno’s analyses of the internal relation between capitalism and authoritarian subjectivity. It revisits his account of fascist propaganda as a mobilizer of psychosocial traits generated under advanced capitalist conditions and explores how current forms of social organization and subjectivation intensify these tendencies. In the context of the crisis of social reproduction and the spread of social Darwinism— which amplify fear and social impotence—processes such as the culture of performance, competition, and individual responsibility reinforce dispositions of coldness and social indifference. The new radical right channels these tendencies into communities of the «protected» against threatening «others». The maxim identified by Adorno as the slogan of class society—«What is falling, that you should also push»—today condenses the destructive rationality of capitalism.
Isaiah Berlin, an anti-totalitarian pluralism
As a historian of ideas, Isaiah Berlin (1909-1997) has developed a genealogy of modernity that explains the development of totalitarian policies. Opposite to monist tradition of philosophy (there is only a valid answer to moral and political problems), modernity inaugurates a pluralism whose main expression is Romanticism. Berlin analyses the Romantic movement signification, especially german, and its responsibility in the emergence of fascism and stalinism. But he also explores the antecedents of romantic mind privileging three thinkers: Machiavelli, Vico and Herder. And so a three phase history comes out: before Romanticism – Romanticism – contemporary world. The conclusion is that we live under a double legacy (Enlightenment and Romanticism); the only decent policy to avoid a relapse in totalitarianism is a liberalism with a pluralistic vocation that conciliates liberty and social justice.
Nation and authoritarianism: From the virtual mass to the prerogative State
The article analyzes the causes and the aggressive potential of nationalism, an essential reference for new authoritarian and populist movements and parties around the world. Understanding requires an approach that combines philosophy and social psychology, since the roots of the new authoritarian nationalism refer to the relationship between the structural crisis of modern society and the psychological disintegration of the subject. Furthermore, the understanding of the potential of nationalism must take as a guide the New Categorical Imperative or «duty of memory» by Theodor W. Adorno. In this direction, the article examines the relationship between mythology of the nation, racism and anti-semitism, on the one hand, and Ernst Fraenkel's thesis on the «Dual State», on the other hand.
Elective Affinities: Culture Industry and Authoritarianism
This paper explores the relationship between the culture industry and authoritarianism, arguing that their affinity does not stem from the culture industry directly promoting far-right views. Instead, it lies in the way its logic shapes the grammar of contemporary politics, fostering authoritarian dynamics. The argument is grounded in Theodor W. Adorno’s analyses. However, while his insights provide essential tools for understanding this affinity, the emergence of the new far right within a capitalism of diminishing expectations calls for additional mediations. To address this, the paper examines the digital culture industry within the framework of platform capitalism, analyzing how its communicative grammar establishes a regime of visibility and experience, alongside a new figure of the cult of success. This framework not only aligns with authoritarian tendencies but also takes on specific significance within the fiercely competitive and increasingly exclusionary nature of contemporary capitalism.
This article aims to critically analyze the assumptions of the historical impulse we call nationalism —which is expressed in figures as varied as the polis, the State, the nation or the homeland— because there are signs that it is on the verge of collapse and it is necessary to propose an alternative. To do so, it is first of all necessary to make it plausible that the formula is no longer the answer to the problems of coexistence and that it is reasonable to look for a possible alternative. Following the method of Benjamin's Profane Illuminations, that is to say, resorting to impressionistic flashes that can illuminate the room without the details appearing clearly, a journey is made through Aristotelian equivocation, the theobiosis, German, French and Spanish nationalism, to conclude by presenting the alternative of the diaspora.
Conformist rebellion and the liquidation of the subject: Martin Heidegger
The starting hypothesis is the existence of an elective affinity between the «fascist liquidation of the subject» or the kind of conformist rebellion that characterizes «authoritarian subjectivation» and the figure of the de-subjectivized subject as «freedom towards death» with which Heidegger pretends to respond to the crisis of modern bourgeois subjectivity. The philosophical link with authoritarianism and National Socialism is examined here primarily in relation to the existential analytic of Dasein and, more specifically, to the way in which this analytic registers and responds to the crisis of the subject. The figure of the de-subjectivized subject represents the paradox of annulling the subject in order to save it as a subject, of sacrificing it in order to prevent its collapse as a subject. The turning of rebellion into submission or the identification of both reveals the true nature of post-traditional modern authoritarianism.
Hacia la conciliación del hombre neuronal y del hombre computacional
The concept of «noosphere» as a contribution to an ethics of the «geosphere». From «ecological mysticism» to spiritual activism
Based on the concept of noosphere, understood as the coevolution of human thought to transform the world through technocratic artifacts, we intend to deepen into the spiritual values underlying them and how these give rise to an ecological mysticism where the geosphere is presented as a hierophany and, hence, gives rise to a geoethical praxis based on a resistance in hope. In this sense, our study can be contextualized in the hybrid sphere that arises from the relationships between culture, nature and religion. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate the awareness of spirituality, whose definition could be the dynamics of what gives life, and that gives rise to an ecological conversion, as proposed by Pope Francis in his encyclical Laudato Sì (LS).
Exploring a Theological Foundation of Human Unity and Wholeness in Dialogue with Neurosciences: Revisiting the Vienne Council and Contemporary Christian Anthropologies
Neurosciences are contributing to changing our understanding of human nature. Activities previously attributed to a spiritual, immaterial soul are now associated with the brain. This article presents a foundation to develop a theological and anthropological non-reductive monism that could integrate neuroscientific facts and contribute to the debates about the relation of body and soul. An analysis of the Council of Vienne’s formula «simul unitas» allows its translation as «united as a complete total reality». This revision and a study of contemporary Christian anthropologies inspire some proposed theological concepts of dynamic, soteriological, relational, Christological, and eschatological unity.
Ortega’s metaphysics and its relations with technique
El presente artículo se centra en exponer la innovadora propuesta metafísica del filósofo español José Ortega y Gasset. A partir de su comprensión del ser como construcción, trataremos de mostrar el núcleo de la metafísica orteguiana, en la cual los motivos de la técnica, la construcción y la creación tendrán un papel decisivo. Se contrapondrá este planteamiento con ciertas posturas constructivistas, con las que la metafísica orteguiana sólo guarda un parecido superficial, así como con algunas ideas de contemporáneos de Ortega como el filósofo alemán Martin Heidegger. Concluiremos reafirmando la potencialidad del pensamiento en Ortega, especialmente en lo que respecta a su propuesta metafísica.
The crisis of individual responsibility in technological societies
Until the publication of The Principle of Responsibility (1979), most Western ethical systems focused on the exclusively intersubjective nature of actions and paid no attention to the way in which those actions related to the environment. The reason for this is that the environment had been conceived as something completely independent from actions taken or, at least, as a reality endowed with a determined and easily predictable behavior. The development of technology and the knowledge of complex systems have put that notion of the environment under strain, which has altered the type of ethical responsibility of certain actions. This article explains the way in which non-trivial systems challenge Hans Jonas’ notion of responsibility through a new understanding of responsibility suitable to understand the type of interconnection (subjective and objective) characteristic of complex systems.
Rafael Domingo Oslé (2025). El sentido del cristianismo