Pensamiento. Revista de Investigación e Información Filosófica
Pensamiento es una revista orientada fundacionalmente a la publicación de todo aquello que tenga ampliamente una relación con la filosofía. Pero no es una revista culturalista, de actualidad o miscelánea, sino orientada a la publicación de artículos científicos de investigación, normalmente producidos en ámbitos académicos universitarios, pero no sólo. Sus artículos, notas, comentarios bibliográficos o crónicas, hacen siempre relación a un enfoque serio, riguroso, científico, académico, de la filosofía. Sus autores y colaboradores han surgido en parte de aquellas instituciones de la Compañía de Jesús que la sustentan y editan, pero no sólo, ya que desde sus primeros años de existencia Pensamiento ha estado abierta a todos y ha sido vehículo de expresión donde han publicado sus artículos importantes filósofos y profesores universitarios, tanto de España como de América Latina preferentemente. Pensamiento, en la actualidad, sigue abierta a la publicación de cuantos productos de calidad le sean ofrecidos. Pensamiento edita tres números al año de carácter ordinario. Desde 2007 viene publicando un volumen especial dentro de la serie: Ciencia, Filosofía y Religión. Pensamiento consta, entre otros, en los siguientes índices y bases de datos internacionales y nacionales: Colección principal de la Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics): Arts & Humanities Citation Index. SCOPUS (Elsevier). Current Contents Connect (WoS). PERIODICAL INDEX ONLINE (ProQuest). INTERNATIONALE BIBLIOGRAPHIE DER GEISTES IBZ. REPERTOIRE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE DE LA PHILOSOPHIE DE LOUVAIN. PHILOSOPHER'S INDEX (The Philosopher`s center). CBUC (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitàries de Catalunya). InDICEs CSIC. DIALNET (repositorio). LATINDEX. ULRICH`S (ProQuest). MIAR (Sistema de medición cuantitativa de la visibilidad de las publicaciones periódicas en Ciencias Sociales: índice de difusión ICDS de PENSAMIENTO: 9.977). REDIB, Red Iberoamericana de Innovación y Conocimiento Científico.
The publishing Universidad Pontificia Comillas retain the copyright of articles published in Pensamiento. Reuse of content is allowed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivates 3.0 Unported. Authors are encouraged to publish their work on the Internet (for example, on institutional or personal pages, repositories, etc.) respecting the conditions of this license and quoting appropriately the original source.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Carlos Blanco (2025). La búsqueda del todo
Philip Booth y André Azevedo Alves, eds. (2025). Pensamiento social católico, el mercado y la política pública
The historicization of concepts as a critical method of deideologization of discourses in the social sciences: a contribution from Ignacio Ellacuría’s philosophy of historical reality
The historicization of concepts is studied here as a method of deideologization in the social sciences, developed by the Spanish Jesuit philosopher Ignacio Ellacuría, assassinated by the Salvadoran army in 1989, an exercise that is part of what he calls the «critical function of philosophy». For him, as well as for his teacher Xavier Zubiri, philosophy consists in analysing historical reality in its entirety, the ultimate stratum of reality, where all the prior ones are present, constituted in a dynamic structure. This analysis entails a study of the only intelligence capable of apprehending reality as reality: sentient intelligence. Ellacuría applied this method of analysis to the context in which he lived —Latin America in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s— exhaustively analysing concepts such as «property» or «agrarian reform», something that can be surprising in a philosophical discourse, in addition to others more commonly present in political philosophy, such as «human rights» or «the common good».
Pierre-Nicolas Oberhauser (2023). Talcott Parsons
Marguerite Deslauriers (2022). Aristotle on Sexual Difference
Juan Arana Cañedo-Argüelles (dir.). (2024). El futuro de la identidad humana a debate
Juan V. Fernández de la Gala (ed.). (2025). Convergencias
Comparison between the Sudarion of Oviedo and the Shroud of Turin
The Sudarion of Oviedo is presented by tradition as one of the canvases that wrapped, like the Shroud of Turin, the lifeless body of Jesus Christ (specifically his head). In this article, some of the results of the medico-legal study are presented, and we compare them with the forensic analysis of the Shroud of Turin to see if both have wrapped the same corpse. The coincidences of both studies are striking: same blood type, reconstruction of the face superimposable to that of the Shroud (both in its natural anatomical points and in the injuries it presents), Roman scourging, crowning with thorns, thrown in the side, signs of death but an absence of signs of decomposition of the corpse and others.Both canvases are related to the Gospel (Jn 20:3- 9), which refers to data utterly compatible with the information provided by the medico-legal study. In light of the studies, it is improbable that they are different corpses.
Some issues on the horizon of current green policy
The European Union has made combating climate change a top priority. While rising temperatures is a serious and urgent issue, the rush to make decisions may have, in some instances, resulted in immature or flawed solutions. This article highlights that several of these measures have unintended and potentially dangerous side effects.
There are several millions of frozen human embryos around the world as a result of in vitro fertilization techniques. To shed some light on the possible destination of these embryos, present article starts reviewing their nature, especially considering the recent advances of Biology. The conclusion is that embryos cannot be longer contemplated as mere cell bundle, but as an individual organism of the Homo sapiens species. That is why the Catholic Church’s Magisterium condemns the destruction of human embryos, their use for research or therapeutics as well as their cryopreservation. The proposed destinies of abandoned human embryos, namely their use for research of as a source of biological materials and their adoption, are next reviewed in the light of the scientific data and of the Magisterium, to conclude reiterating an appeal to stop all interventions involving the production of spare embryos.
Medical research as a solution to the moral dilemmas of ectopic pregnancy treatment
Ectopic pregnancy is a serious obstetric condition that poses a life-threatening risk to the mother and requires early treatment to safeguard her life. Currently, there are four available treatment options for this condition, depending on the patient's clinical status. However, it is not possible to save the life of the unborn child. When this condition arises, two scenarios may occur: either the embryo has already died before the pregnancy is detected, in which case treatment presents no ethical dilemma, or the embryo is still alive, meaning the physician is faced with two patients—the mother and the unborn child. Depending on the chosen treatment, a number of ethical dilemmas may emerge and must be carefully analyzed. Treatments such as expectant management or salpingectomy raise fewer moral concerns, with salpingectomy being the clearest example of the application of the principle of double effect in managing this condition. Salpingostomy is also widely accepted, with its moral justification grounded in the principle of double effect; however, some authors oppose it, arguing that the direct manipulation of the embryo constitutes a direct abortion. Pharmacological treatment with methotrexate raises the greatest number of moral dilemmas, and there is no clear consensus due to its impact on the trophoblast and the embryo. In light of these ethical dilemmas, it can be concluded that the development of a treatment capable of ensuring embryonic survival and allowing the continuation of the pregnancy (such as relocating the ectopic pregnancy to the uterus) would resolve many of these moral conflicts. For this reason, medical research plays a fundamental role not only in treating the condition itself but also in addressing the ethical challenges posed by current treatment options.
J. D. Durand (2024). Les Maritain intimes
J. Ortega y Gasset (2021). La idea de principio en Leibniz y la evolución de la teoría deductiva
Alicia Villar (2024). Blaise Pascal: pensar sin límites
M. Guibert-Elizalde (2024). Memoria y olvido en Nietzsche
Memory of Place, Nature and Landscape in the Era of the Anthropocene. Questions and Paths to Consider our Belonging to Nature and Mother Earth
Given the alarming ecological situation of our time, for which humans are responsible, it is not only necessary to think about the particular measures and solutions that should be taken to counteract the devastating environmental impacts. Along with proposing specific measures and before designing possible «solutions» we should stop and make memory. We should remember what we are repressing and exploiting in order to make memory of the origin and foundation that sustains all human and non-human beings. In Western European thought what we have repressed and exploited is nature. In the wisdom of native peoples, the origin and foundation that we must reminisce about and respect is Mother Earth. In the first part, the article analyzes Western ways of remembering nature through mourning and nostalgia, which can be evoked by destroyed, «sick», extinct, «pressured» or endangered landscapes. These attitudes and sensations will be confronted in the second part with the way in which native peoples conceive the natural environment that they feel and live as their home. As will be seen, the place that the latter inhabit through their activities, rituals and physical-spiritual practices cannot be separated from the remembrance of both human and non-human ancestors and with it from the countless and changing relationships that Mother Earth houses. Making memory here means respecting and caring for the balance of Mother Earth, connecting and bringing together time and space, the human and the non-human, the physical and the spiritual.
Ethical perspectives applied to the field of artificial intelligence
The development of artificial intelligence (AI) will bring about significant transformations in various spheres of human action. The introduction of synthetic intellects into the human lifeblood raises a series of issues that must be addressed from the perspective of moral philosophy. In this regard, several ethical approaches are implicit in the postulates of certain AI theorists, and some are identified in this paper. This identification and subsequent categorization within various ethical currents aims to clarify the initiatives that have been undertaken within moral philosophy to analyze a technology characterized by ambivalence.
Big history as synthesis of the cosmo-bio-anthropological evolution (II). The emergence and complexity as the foundation of the evolutionary process
This paper is the second part of an our previous one, which continues with the brief overview of the whole evolution, that we named cosmo-bio-anthropological evolution. In this second paper, we present a synthesis of human evolution, the development of intelligence and the emergence of consciousness, and the scientific description and subsequent philosophical reflection, highlighting the emerging and complex characters, which we believe are structural effects of the evolutionary process.
Independent creation and natural selection in Darwin: a rhetorical analysis of an early contribution to the third culture
This article examines the rhetorical strategies employed by Darwin in On the Origin of Species, focusing on how his critique of independent creation and his defence of natural selection shape a discourse that transcends the strictly scientific domain. Through the analysis of key passages —especially chapter endings— rhetorical devices such as adversative clauses, rhetorical questions, analogy, and distancing are explored. Far from being mere stylistic embellishments, these strategies structure a scientific narrative marked by internal coherence and persuasive force. The study is framed within the field of Literary Darwinism, conceived here as a contemporary expression of the Third Culture project, insofar as it explores how Darwin’s discourse builds bridges between science, language, and culture. It is argued that this rhetorical configuration represents an early contribution to that convergence of knowledge systems, while also challenging conventional disciplinary boundaries.
Phenomenology, pedagogy and christology in the «unwritten part» of Hegel’s Encyclopedia of the philosophical sciences (Critical remarks to R. Valls Plana’s edition)
The writing of the attaches (Zusätze) of the Encyclopedia by Hegels disciples is considered by te most purist Hegelians as a betrayal of the original spirit of the work. Against this opinion (based on not negligible reasons, but merely philological and doxographical ones), I will to argue: that this «betrayal» is in some way necessary, that responds to the failure of the phenomenological project and the pedagogical vocation wich (as a result of that failure) assumes the Encyclopedia system from the beginning and, very particularly, after the death of its author, a moment in which the aforementioned vocation acquires a christological scope inspired by Hegel's profound understanding of the Gospel.
Psycho-analysis of the Authoritarian Dynamic: Narcissistic Fillings and Secondary Authoritarianism
The political life of contemporary Western societies is characterised by the rise of an authoritarian dynamic. This dynamic has multiple manifestations, the most prominent of which is animosity and resentment at groups stigmatized as alien or different. They are denigrated and turned into the object of harassment and discrimination. This is often accompanied by an exacerbated chauvinistic nationalism. This article analyses the link between these manifestations and authoritarian dynamic, drawing on early research on prejudice and on contributions by critical theory, particularly its incorporation of psychoanalysis. The concepts of «narcissistic filling» and «secondary authoritarianism» contribute to updating these contributions in connection with the assumption of the function of authority by the growth-oriented economy, considered against its religious background.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Freedom and Social Order: On Democracy and Authoritarian Liberalism
Bourgeois society and its state cannot do without authoritarianism. The state is the independent organisation of bourgeois society. It is its concentrated power and organised force especially in order to control the troublesome masses whose struggle to make ends meet is seen as a threat to its freedom and tranquillity, its order and law. In this context, authoritarian liberalism calls for strong government to ensure the depoliticization of (mass) society. The term authoritarian liberalism was originally introduced to characterise Carl Schmitt’s proclamation of a strong state and a free economy in 1932. Its meaning is perhaps best summarised with reference to Hayek’s contention, made in support of the Pinochet dictatorship in Chile, that a dictatorship might be more liberal in its policies than a mass democratic assembly. In a global political economy characterised by a crushing neoliberal stasis, entrenched class relations and significant right-wing populist movements in Western Europe and beyond, and against the backdrop of right-wing populist governments, what happens next is open to question.
Structural Antisemitism: Between Invisibility and Denial of Guilt
The existence of antisemitism has long been reported in progressive circles as well. These are social groups that are more sensitive to the structural nature of discrimination and have a high sympathy for vulnerable populations and follow the post-structuralist logic of critique of power. However, instead of including the understanding of the structural character of antisemitic discrimination within progressive activities, there seems to be a specific resistance to self-criticism on the issue of antisemitism that differs fundamentally from the treatment of other forms of discrimination. The present article aims to explore the reasons why the understanding of antisemitism as structural discrimination has not been able to penetrate academic and social debates —just as the understanding of the structural character of sexism or racism has penetrated these debates— beyond the circles of antisemitism scholars. To this end, I will present in the first part some elements of the discursive structural logic of antisemitism. I will explore in the second part social structural conditions that favor the perception of reality according to an antisemitic worldview. In the third part I will discuss the material and practical structural effects of antisemitism and finally present specific denial of guilt mechanisms of antisemitism. It shows how the antisemitic logic itself provides specific forms of neutralization and denial, different from and additional to the other known forms of guilt rejection.
The Uses of the AI in Contexts of Expanding Authoritarianism
When talking about the relationship between artificial intelligence and authoritarianism, it is usually explained how this technology can be a powerful instrument in the hands of an authoritarian conception and practice of power. This text reflects on how certain authoritarian contexts may be influencing the development and use of artificial intelligence. For this purpose, special attention is paid to two issues: a) the informational and evaluative functions contained and conveyed by artificial intelligence systems, and especially generative artificial intelligence systems, and b) to what extent the use of these systems can influence the evaluative perception that people have of reality and our conception and practice of decision-making.
Levinas and Education: An ethical response to Totalitarianism
Unfortunately, current education, as it is proposed, is not doing enough to prevent the fulfillment of Adorno's imperative, according to which all reflection and action must seek to prevent a repeat of Auschwitz or any other similar cruelty. This article aims to try to relate the trinomial: Levinas, totalitarianism and education. The idea is to show how, based on levinasian philosophy and ethics, it is possible to establish a new education against the totality of being and against all forms of barbarism. It concludes with some landings of the levinasian postulates formulated from the pedagogy of otherness and which are specified in: education as donation and ethics as a condition of possibility of education; the educational value of the unexpected and the impossibility of programming the ethical response; scenarios of warmth and welcoming gestures that make the pedagogical encounter possible; education as resistance to evil and as a way of denying our own consent; and memory and testimony as instruments to promote pedagogical otherness.
Monstrous Amalgams. The Reactionary Left and the Prefiguration of the New Authoritarianisms: The Case of Pier Paolo Pasolini and Christopher Lasch
The philosophical and scientific study of political neo-authoritarianism faces the difficulty of accurately defining the characteristics of a polymorphous emerging phenomenon that fuses traditionalist and countercultural elements, attacks the conventional right wing for its moderation but at the same time tries to address progressive people... This article focuses on the counter-hegemonic power of the new radical right, its capacity to mobilize negative affects that force people in opposing political positions to take into consideration —even if only to combat them— their political choices. To this end, we examine some of the criticisms that two authors belonging to the progressive arena, Christopher Lasch and Pier Paolo Pasolini, addressed against left-wing politics of their time in another moment of global polycrisis, the seventies of the last century.