The European Union Faced with the Challenge of Consolidating Its Defence in the S. 21st

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14422/cir.i25.y2022.005

Keywords:

defence, European Union, security, integration, globalization

Abstract

The Defence Policy of the European Union has experienced an acceleration process in its integration in recent years, mainly motivated by international events and upward technological developments. The transformations have highlighted Europe's lack of capabilities to deal with the new hybrid threats of the 21st century. Following the Taliban victory in Afghanistan and the AUKUS agreement signed by the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia, the European Union has started a process of reflection that may lead to a common European defence.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Axt, H. J. (2021). Troubled Water in the Eastern Mediterranean. Turkey Challenges Greece and Cyprus Regarding Energy Resources. Comparative Southeast European Studies, 69(1), 133-152. https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2021-2006

Bachiller, M. E. (2022). El nuevo Fondo Europeo de Apoyo a la Paz. Un análisis dentro de la PCSD. Revista de Estudios Europeos, (79), 139-162. https://doi.org/10.24197/ree.79.2022.139-162

Barbé, E. y Johansson-Nogués, E. (2008). The EU as a modest “force for good”: the European Neighbourhood Policy. International Affairs, 84(1), 81-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00690.x

Borrel, J. (2020, 16 de febrero). Discurso en la Conferencia de Seguridad de Munich. https://securityconference.org/en/medialibrary/asset/panel-discussion-eurovision-contest-a-europe-that-projects-20200216-1225/

Comisión Europea, 16.12.2020 JOIN(2020) 18 final Comunicación Conjunta al Parlamento Europeo y al Consejo la Estrategia de Ciberseguridad de la UE para la Década Digital. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020JC0018&from=SV

Consejo Europeo, Conclusiones, marzo de 2022. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/54800/20220311-versailles-declaration-es.pdf

Diez, T. y Manners, I. (2007). Reflecting on normative-power Europe. En F. Berenskoetter y M. J. Williams (eds.), Power in World Politics (pp. 173-188). Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.

González, M. y Abellán, L. (2018, 12 de agosto). Sánchez asume el objetivo de aumentar el gasto militar al 2% del PIB. El País. https://elpais.com/internacional/2018/07/12/actualidad/1531404525_333392.html

Hallstein, W. (2013). United Europe: Challenge and Opportunity. Harvard University Press.

Hearing of Josep Borrell Vice-President-Designate of the European Commission (A Stronger Europe in the World). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/resources/library/media/20191008RES63704/20191008RES63704.pdf

Karamanis, D. (2022). Defence partnerships, military expenditure, investment, and economic growth: an analysis in PESCO countries (Hellenic Observatory Discussion Papers n.º 173). London School of Economics and Political Science.

Keukeleire, S. y Delreux, T. (2022). The foreign policy of the European Union. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Keukeleire, S. y MacNaughtan, J. (2008). The Foreign Policy of the European Union. Palgrave Macmillan.

Koppa, M. (2022). The Iraq War: Addressing European Fragmentation. En The Evolution of the Common Security and Defence Policy (pp. 83-103). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99158-6_7

Mölling, C. y Schütz, T. (2020). The EU’s Strategic Compass and Its Four Baskets: Recommendations to Make the Most of It.

Pardabaev, A. E. (2022). Impact of the Afghan Conflict on the Geopolitical Situation in Central Asia at the End of the 20th Century. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 9(2), 370-374. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v9i2.3523

Pérez Bustamante, R. P. y Guinea Bonillo, J. (2022). La Intervención de la Unión Europea en la Transformación Política y en la Seguridad y Defensa de Ucrania desde los Consejos Europeos. Unión Europea Aranzadi, (10).

Rajmil, D., Morales, L., Aira, T. y Cardona Valles, M. (2022). Afghanistan: A Multidimensional Crisis. Peace Review, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2022.2023428

Satué, Á. (2021). La Orientación Estratégica de la defensa de la Unión Europea. Entendimiento común y negociación estratégica. bie3: Boletín IEEE, (22), 370-387.

Secretaría General del Consejo, 2022. Una Brújula Estratégica para la Seguridad y la Defensa – Por una Unión Europea que proteja a sus ciudadanos, defienda sus valores e intereses y contribuya a la paz y la seguridad internacionales. https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-7371-2022-INIT/es/pdf

Servicio Europeo de Acción Exterior, Operaciones Militares y Civiles, 2022. https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/430/military-and-civilian-missions-and-operations

Servicio Europeo de Acción Exterior, Scoping Paper: preparation of the Strategic Compass, 2021. https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-5986-2021-INIT/en/pdf

Unión Europea. (2019). La Defensa Europea (Análisis n.º 9). Tribunal de Cuentas Europeo. https://www.eca.europa.eu/Lists/ECADocuments/REW19_09/REW_EU-defence_ES.pdf

Ursula von der Leyen de 16 de julio de 2019. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_19_4230

Virkkunen, H. (2022). The EU’s mutual defence clause? Article 42 (7) of the Treaty on European Union. European View, 21(1), 22-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/17816858221089370

Yavuz, M. H. y Gunter, M. (eds.). (2022). The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: Historical and Political Perspectives. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003261209

Published

2022-12-19

How to Cite

Guinea Bonillo, J. (2022). The European Union Faced with the Challenge of Consolidating Its Defence in the S. 21st. Comillas Journal of International Relations, (25), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.14422/cir.i25.y2022.005