Evaluations of the level of «experiencing» in groups of psychological training in the Spanish Language
Keywords:
Experiencing scale, experiencing test, gendlin, counseling training, sex differences.Abstract
It is studied the discrimination of stages 1 to 5 in the Experiencing Scale (Klein et al., 1969) measuring them with the Experiencing Test 15 (Aguilar, 2004). The sample of standard population is compared with groups in different training degrees in Psychology. Although few differences are given among these last ones, they are clearly distinguished of standard sample in the prospective sense of improvement in the experiencing stages. The groups in training discriminate stage 1 and stage 2 quite well, although they don’t distinguish stage 3 to stage 5 among them. Sex differences are not given in the groups in training, but they are in the standard sample. We conclude either that training in Psychology improves people’s communication with their own feelings, or else that trainees are already inclined to it at the beginning of their training.
References
AGUILAR, E. (2004): Una nueva medida del Experienciar, Tesis Doctoral. Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid.
— (2006): «Alternativas de medición del “experienciar” de E. T. Gendlin», en Miscelánea Comillas, vol. 64, núm. 125, julio-diciembre 2006, pp. 529-568.
ALEMANY, C. (2006): «El cambio terapéutico en la psicoterapia experiencial de E. T. Gendlin», en Miscelánea Comillas, vol. 64, núm. 125, julio-diciembre 2006, pp. 503-528.
CARLEY, M. I. (2007): A validation study of affect and defense rating scales, Tesis Doctoral. Fielding Graduate U., US; Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B: «The Sciences and Engineering», 68 (1-B), section B, 2007, 617.
GAZZOLA, N. y STALIKAS, A. (1997): «An investigation of counselor interpretations in client-centered therapy», en Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, diciembre 1997, vol. 7(4), 313-327.
GENDLIN, E. T. (1950): Wilhelm Dilthey and the problem of comprehending human significance in the science of man, Tesina de Master, Universidad de Chicago.
— (1958): The function of experiencing in symbolization, Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Chicago.
— ([1962] 1997): Experiencing and the creation of the meaning, Northwestern University Press, Evanston, Illinois.
— ([1969] 1997): «Focusing», en ALEMANY, C. (ed.): Psicoterapia experiencial y focusing, Desclée de Brouwer, Bilbao, 109-124.
— ([1973] 1997): «Psicoterapia experiencial», en ALEMANY, C. (ed.): Psicoterapia experiencial y focusing, Desclée de Brouwer, Bilbao, 143-195.
— ([1981] 1988): Focusing. Proceso y técnica del enfoque corporal, 2.ª edición en español, Mensajero, Bilbao.
GENDLIN, E. T., y ZIMRING F. M. ([1955] 1994): «The qualities or dimensions of experiencing and their change», en The Person-Centered Journal, vol. 1.
GOLDMAN, R. N. (1998): Change in thematic depth of experiencing and outcome in experiential psychotherapy, Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de York, Canada.
GOLDMAN, R. N.; GREENBERG, L. S., y POS, A. E. (2005): «Depth of emotional experience and outcome», en Psychotherapy Research, vol. 15 (3), julio 2005, 248-260.
GORDON, K., y TOUKMANIAN, S. (2002): «Is how it is said important? The association between quality of therapist interventions and client processing», en Counselling & Psychotherapy Research, vol. 2 (2), junio 2002, 88-98.
GORNEY, J. E. (1968): Experiencing and age: Patterns of reminiscence among the elderly, Tesis doctoral, The Committee on Human Development, University of Chicago.
GREENBERG, L. S., y HIGGINS, H. M. (1980): «Effets of Two-Chair Dialogue and Focusing on Confl ict Resolution», en Journal of Counseling Psychology, vol. 27, núm. 3, 221-224.
GREENBERG, L.; WATSON, J., y LIETAER, G. (1998): Handbook of Experiential Psychotherapy, The Guilford Press, Nueva York.
HADICKS, D. (1987): A structural analysis of verbal and nonverbal behaviour in psychotherapy: Detecting cross-dimensional patterns, Tesis Doctoral, Fairleigh Dickinson University.
HALSEY, C. M. (1991): «Security of attachment in adulthood and the capacity for exploration in psychotherapy», Tesis Doctoral, The Wright Institute, en Dissertation Abstracts International, B 52/05, noviembre 1991, p. 2774.
HENDRICKS, M. N. (2001): «Focusing-Oriented/Experiential Psychoterapy: Research and Practice», en CAIN, D., y SEEMAN J. (eds.) Humanistic Psychotherapies: Handbook of Research and Practice, American Psychological Association (version de archivo electrónico: http://www.focusing.org/research_basis.html).
HILL, D. C. (1986): «The relationship of process to outcome in brief expressive psychotherapy», Tesis Doctoral, The University of Arizona, en Dissertation Abstracts International, B., vol. 47/09, 3956.
HITZ, L. C. (1994): Effects of changes in experiencing level of therapist responses on client experiencing, Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Arkansas.
HOLOWATY, K. (2005): «Process characteristics of client-identifi ed helpful events in emotion-focused therapy for adult survivors of childhood abuse (EFT-AS)», Tesis Doctoral, University Windsor, Canada. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: «The Sciences and Engineering», 65 (7-B), 2005, 3710.
KLEIN, M. H.; MATHIEU, P. L.; GENDLIN, E. T., y KIESLER, D. J. (1969): The Experiencing Scale: a Research and Training Manual, vols. 1 y 2, Wisconsin Psychiatric Institute, Madison, Wisconsin. Publicado en 1970 por University of Wisconsin Extension Bureau of Audiovisual Instruction, The Regents of the University of Wisconsin.
KLEIN, M.; MATHIEU-COUGHLAN, P., y KIESLER, D. (1987): «The experiencing scales», en L. S. y W. M. Pinsof (eds.) The psychotherapeutic process. A research handbook, Guilford Press, Nueva York,21-71.
LEVITT, H., y ANGUS, L. (1999): «Psychotherapy process measure research and the evaluation of psychotherapy orientation: A narrative analysis», en Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, septiembre 1999 vol. 9 (3), 279-300.
LEVITT, H.; KORMAN, Y., y ANGUS, L. (2000): «A metaphor analysis in treatments of depression: Metaphor as a marker of change», en Counselling Psychology Quarterly, marzo 2000 vol 13 (1), 23-35.
PARDO, A., y SAN MARTÍN, R. (1994): Análisis de datos en Psicología II, Pirámide, Madrid.
POLE, N. (2000): «Client appraisals of danger and safety in psychotherapy and its physiological, facial, and subjective correlates», Tesis Doctoral. University Berkeley, California; «Dissertation Abstracts International» Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 61 (4-B), octubre 2000, 2217.
RHODES, R. H. (1991): The infl uence of the therapist’s process on the patient’s experience of sadness, Tesis Doctoral, Columbia University.
RUDKIN, A.; LLEWELYN, S.; HARDY, G.; STILES, W., y BARKHAM, M. (2007): «Therapist and client processes affecting assimilation and outcome in brief psychotherapy», en Psychotherapy Research, septiembre 2007. vol. 17 (5), 613-621.
SELLS, D. J., y MARTIN, R. B. (2001): «Gender and modality differences in experiencing and emotional expression», en Canadian Journal of Counselling, vol. 35 (2): 176-188; Psycinfo 1999-2001/12.
ULAK, B., y CUMMINGS, A. (1997): «Using clients’ artistic expressions as metaphor in counselling: A pilot study», Canadian Journal of Counselling, octubre 1997, vol. 31(4), 305-31_.
WARWAR, S. (1995): The relationship between level of experiencing and session outcome in process-experiential and client-centered therapies, Tesina de Master, York University, Ontario, Canada.
— (2005): «Relating emotional processes to outcome in experiential psychotherapy of depression», Tesis Doctoral. University York, Canada. Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B: «The Sciences and Engineering» 66(1-B), 2005, 581.
WATSON, J. C. (1992): The process of change when exploring problematic reactions: An inquiry into self, Tesis Doctoral, York University, North York, Ontario, Canada.
WATSON, J. C., y BEDARD, D. L. (2006): «Clients’ Emotional Processing in Psychotherapy: A Comparison Between Cognitive-Behavioral and Process-Experiential Therapies», Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, febrero 2006, vol. 74(1), 152-159
WATSON, J. C.; GOLDMAN, R. N., y GREENBERG, L. S. (2007): Case studies in emotion- focused treatment of depression: A comparison of good and poor outcome. Washington, D.C., U.S., American Psychological Association (2007).
Downloads
Issue
Section
License
The authors of articles published in Miscelánea Comillas retain the intellectual property rights over their works and grant the journal their distribution and public communication rights, consenting to their publication under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivates 3.0 Unported. Authors are encouraged to publish their work on the Internet (for example, on institutional or personal pages, repositories, etc.) respecting the conditions of this license and quoting appropriately the original source.
