Especialización tecnológica: Caracterización de los grupos multinacionales que operan en España
Keywords:
Technological Specialization, Multinationals, European PatentsAbstract
This article analyses the technological specialization of the multinational groups in home and host countries and the influence of these in the global specialization of the groups through a new typology of six categories. We analysed what categories are most common and their evolution. Moreover, we study the typologies of multinationals when they begin to patent in new technological areas. Finally, the paper studies the changes of category that presents the groups throughout the time. The analysis shows three important trends in the technological management: 1) the increase of the technological diversification of the groups; 2) the major weight of the technological activities developed out of the country of origin of the groups; and 3) that the multinational groups specialize themselves abroad especially in the same technological areas in those who are specializing in the home country.
References
ACS, Z. Y AUDRETSCH, D. (1989): “Patent as a measure of innovative activity”, Kyklos, Vol. 42, nº 2, pp. 171-180.
ACS, Z.; ANSELIN, L. Y VARGA, A. (2002): “Patent and innovation counts as measures of regional production of new knowledge”, Research Policy, nº 31, pp. 1069-1085.
ANDERSEN, E. S. Y LUNDVALL, B. (1988): “Small national systems of innovation facing technological revolutions: an analytical framework”, en C. FREEMAN Y B. LUNDVALL (eds.), Small nations facing technological revolutions, Pinter, Londres, pp. 9-36.
ANDERSEN, O. Y KHEAM, L. S. (1998): “Resource-based theory and international growth strategies: an exploratory study”, International Business Review, Vol. 7, nº 2, pp. 163-180.
ARCHIBUGI, D. Y MICHIE, J. (1994): “La internacionalización de la tecnología: mito y realidad”, Información Comercial Española, nº 726, pp. 23-41.
ARCHIBUGI, D. y MICHIE, J. (1995): “The globalisation of technology: a new taxonomy”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, nº 19, pp. 121-140.
ARCHIBUGI, D. Y PIANTA, M. (1996): “Innovation surveys and patents as technology indicators: the state of the art”, en OCDE (ed.), Innovation, patents and technological strategies, pp. 17-56.
BALASSA, B. (1965): “Trade liberalization and revealed comparative advantage”, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, Vol. 33, nº 2, pp. 99-123.
BAS, C. L. Y SIERRA, C. (2002): “Location versus home country advantages in R&D activities: some results on multinationals locational strategies”, Research Policy, nº 31, pp. 589-609.
BASBERG, L. (1983): “Foreign patenting in the U.S. as a technology indicator: the case of Norway”, Research Policy, nº 12, pp. 227-237.
BASBERG, L. (1987): “Patents and the measurement of technological change: a survey of the literature”, Research Policy, nº 16, pp. 131-141.
BELLVER, A. (2000): Actividad tecnológica de la empresas multinacionales en el exterior: análisis de la localización de la I+D de las empresas multinacionales estadounidenses, Tesis Doctoral, Universidad Pontificia de Comillas.
BILKEY, W. J. Y TESAR, G. (1977): “The export behaviour of smaller-sized Wisconsin manufacturing firms”, Journal of International Business Studies, primavera-verano, pp. 93-98.
CANTWELL, J. (1989): Technological innovation and multinational corporations, Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
CANTWELL, J. (1995): “The globalisation of technology: what remains of the product cycle model?”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, nº 19, pp. 155-174.
CANTWELL, J. Y JANNE, O. (1999): “Technological globalisation and innovative centres: the role of corporate technological leadership and locational hierarchy”, Research Policy, nº 28, pp. 119-144.
CANTWELL, J. Y JANNE, O. (2000): “The role of multinational corporations and national states in the globalization of innovatory capacity: the European perspective”, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, Vol. 12, nº 2, pp. 243-262.
CHANG, S. J. (1995): “International expansion strategy of Japanese firms : capability building through sequential entry”, Academy of Management Journal, nº 38, pp. 383-407.
DESROCHERS, P. (1998): “On the abuse of patents as economic indicators”, The Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, Vol. 1, nº 4, pp. 51-74.
DOSI, G. (1984): Technical change and industrial transformation, MacMillan Press, Londres.
DUNNING, J. H. (1988): “The eclectic paradigm of international production: a restatement and some possible extensions”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 19, pp. 1-31.
DURAN, J. J. (1984): “Configuración de una teoría económica de la empresa multinacional”, Información Comercial Española, Diciembre, pp. 9-26.
FORS, G. Y ZEJAN, M. (1996): “Overseas R&D by multinationals in foreign centres of excellence”, Working Paper, nº111, Stockholm School of Economics.
GRILICHES, Z. (1990): “Patent statistics as economic indicators: a survey”, Journal of Economic Literature, December, pp. 1661-1707.
HAGEDOORN, J. (1994): Internationalization of companies: the evolution of organizational complexity, flexibility and networks of innovation, Working Paper nº 94_008, Maastricht Economic Research Institute on Innovation and Technology (MERIT), Maastricht.
HÅKANSON, L. (1981): “Organization and evolution of foreign R&D in Swedish multinationals”, Geografiska Annaler, Vol. 63, Serie B, pp. 47-56.
HEWITT, G. (1980): “Research and development performed abroad by US manufacturing multinationals”, Kyklos, Vol. 33, pp. 308-326.
HIRSCHEY, R. C. Y CAVES, R. E. (1981): “Internationalisation of research and transfer of technology by multinational enterprises”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 42, nº 2, pp. 115-130.
JOHANSON, J. Y MATTSON, L. G. (1988): “Internationalization in industrial systems: a network approach”, en N. HOOD Y J. VAHLNE (Eds.), Strategies in Global Competition, Croom Helm, Dover.
JOHANSON, J. Y VAHLNE, J. (1977): “The iternationalization process of the firm. A model of knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 8, primavera/verano, pp. 23-32.
JOHANSON, J. Y WIEDERSHEIM-PAUL (1975): “The internationalization of the firm: four Swedish cases”, Journal of Management Studies, octubre, pp. 305-322.
KOSMOPOULOU, E. (2001): “What determines the internationalisation of corporate technology?, Conferences Winter DRUID Academy, del 18-20 de enero de 2001, Danish Research Unit for Industrial Dynamics.
KUEMMERLE, W. (1997): “Building effective capabilities abroad”, Harvard Business Review, Nº 75, Vol. 2, pp. 61-70.
KUEMMERLE, W. (1999): “Foreing direct investment in industrial research in the pharmaceutical and electronics industries: results from a survey of multinational firms”, Research Policy, Nº 28, pp. 179-193.
LALL, S. (1979): “The international allocation of research activity by US multinationals”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 41, nº 4, pp. 313-331.
LOVE, J. H. (2000): “Technology sourcing versus technology exploitation: an analysis of US foreign direct investment flows”, Working Paper ASTON Academy for Research in Management, Nº RP-0028, Birmingham.
MANCUSI, M. L. (2000): “International technological specialisation in industrial countries: patterns and dynamics” Working Paper CERPRI, nº 118, pp. 1-46, Centre for Research on Innovation and Internationalisation.
MANCUSI, M. L. (2001): “ Geographical concentration and the dynamics of countries´ specialization in technologies”, Working Paper CERPRI, Nº 125, pp. 1-31, Centre for Research on Innovation and Internationalisation.
METCALFE, J. S. (1995): “Technology systems and technology policy in an evolutionary framework”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 19, nº 1, pp. 25-46, en D. ARCHIBUGI Y J. MICHIE (1997), Technology, globalisation and economic performance, pp. 268-296, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
MOLERO, J. (2000): “Introducción”, en J. MOLERO (ed.), Competencia global y cambio tecnológico: un desafío para la economía española, pp. 17-30, Ediciones Pirámide, Madrid.
MOLERO, J.; BUESA, M. Y CASADO M. (1995): “Technological strategies of MNCs in Intermediate countries: The case of Spain”, en J. MOLERO (ed.), Technological innovation, multinational corporations and new international competitiveness. The case of intermediate countries, pp. 265-291, Harwood Academic Publishers, Singapore.
NARULA, R. Y HAGEDOORN, J. (1997): “Globalization, Organisational modes and the growth of international strategic alliances”, Working Paper, nº 97-017, Maastricht Economics Research Institute on Innovation and technology (MERIT), Maastricht.
NELSON, R. Y WINTER, S. (1982): An evolutionary theory of economic change, Belknap, Cambridge.
NIOSI, J. (1999): “The internationalization of industrial R&D from technology transfer to the learning organization”, Research Policy, nº 28, pp. 107-117.
OCDE (1994): The measurement of scientific and technological activities using patent data as science and technology indicators: patent manual, OCDE, París.
ODAGIRI, H. Y YASUDA, H. (1996): “The determinants of overseas R&D by Japanese firms: an empirical study at the industry and company levels”, Research Policy, nº 25, pp. 1059-1079.
OSKARSSON, C. (1993): Diversification and Growth in US, Japanese and European Multi-technology corporations, Chalmers University of Technology, Geoteborg
PATEL, P. (1995): “Localised production of technology for global markets”, Cambridge Journal of Economics, nº 19, pp. 141-153.
PATEL, P. (1996): “Are large firms internationalizing the generation of technology? Some new evidence. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, Vol. 43, nº 1, pp. 41-47
PATEL, P. Y PAVITT, K. (1987a): “Is western Europe losing the technological race?, Research Policy , Vol. 16, nº2, pp. 59-85.
PATEL, P. Y PAVITT, K. (1987b): “The elements of British technological competitiveness”, National Institute Economic Review, nº 122, pp. 72-83.
PATEL, P. Y PAVITT, K. (1991): “Large firms in the production of the world’s technology: an important case of non globalisation”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 22, nº 1, pp.1-21.
PATEL, P. Y PAVITT, K. (1995): “The localised creation of global technological advantage”, en J. MOLERO (ed.), Technological innovation, multinational corporations and new international competitiveness: the case of intermediate countries, pp. 59-74, Harwood Academic Publishers, Singapore.
PATEL, P. Y PAVITT, K. (1997): “The technological competencies of the world’s largest firms: complex and path-dependent, but not much variety”, Research Policy, Nº 26 pp. 141-156.
PATEL, P. Y VEGA, M. (1999): “Patterns of internationalisation of corporate technology: location vs. home country advantages”, Research Policy, Nº 28, pp. 145-155.
PAVITT, K. (1982): “R&D, Patenting and innovative activities”, Research Policy, nº 11, pp. 33-51.
PAVITT, K. (1985): “Patent statistics as indicators of innovative activities: possibilities and problems”, Scientometrics, Vol. 7, nº 1 2, pp. 77-99.
PAVITT, K. (1988): “International patterns of technological accumulation”, en N. HOOD Y J. E. VAHLNE (eds.), Strategies in global competition, Croom Helm, Nueva York, pp. 126-157.
PEARCE, R. D. (1989): The internationalisation of research and development by multinational enterprises, The Macmillan Press, Londres.
QUINTÁS, M. A. (2004): Internacionalización y especialización de las actividades tecnológicas: caracterización de los grupos multinacionales que operan en España. Una aplicación con datos de patentes europeas, Tesis Doctoral, Universidad de Vigo.
QUINTÁS, M. A.; MARTÍNEZ, A. I. (2000): “Vías para la solicitud de patentes en un ámbito internacional: situación actual y perspectivas”, Revista de Economía y Empresa, Vol. XIV, nº 40, pp. 103-126.
RUGMAN, A. M. (1980): “Internalization as a general theory of foreign direct investment: a re-appraisal of the literature”, Weltwirtschafliches Archiv, Vol. 116, pp. 365-379.
RUGMAN, A. M. (1981): Inside the multinationals: the economics of international markets, Columbia University Press, Nueva York.
SOETE, L. (1981): “A general test of technological gap trade theory”, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Vol. 117, nº 4, pp. 638-660.
SOETE, L. (1987): “The impact of technological innovation on international trade patterns: the evidence reconsidered”, Research Policy, Vol. 16, nº 2, pp. 101-130.
VERNON, R. (1966): “International investment and international trade in the product cycle”, Quarterly journal of Economics, Vol. 80, pp. 190-207.
Downloads
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The authors of articles published in icade. Revista de la Facultad de Derecho retain the intellectual property rights over their works and grant the journal their distribution and public communication rights, consenting to their publication under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivates 4.0 Internacional. Authors are encouraged to publish their work on the Internet (for example, on institutional or personal pages, repositories, etc.) respecting the conditions of this license and quoting appropriately the original source.
