The impact of emigration and remittances in development. An approach from the "initial conditions"
Keywords:
Emigration, Remittances, Development, «Initial conditions », Transnationalism, Migratory economy, InstitutionalismAbstract
The article examines the economic impact of both emigration in general, and remittances in particular, among the development processes of the countries with a migratory origin. Despite the complexity of the factors on which depends the link between «Emigration and Development», the article discusses this subject from a little tested but highly promising approach: the importance of the «initial conditions», both structural and institutional,from which emission countries start off and according to which, similar migratory stimuli could, however, produce different effects with a view to development . It also analyses the diverse meanings that emigration has according to the special initial conditions in fields such as demographic structure configuration (as far as the relation between the dependence rate and saving-investment capacity is concerned), the initial human capital endowment (that will produce different effects related to capital brain drain) or the previous existence of an efficient institutional network (that will ease, or not, the value of the «migratory economy»). Even admitting that remittances are just a manifestation of this migratory economy, the second part of the article thoroughly tackles the meaning of remittances in development,updating the information concerning this field.
Downloads
References
ABAD, L. V. (2000): «Globalización, demografía y migraciones internacionales», en Sociedad y Utopía, n.º 16:57-70.
— (2004): Inmigración y cooperación al desarrollo, IV Congreso sobre
«La Inmigración en España», Gerona.
ACOSTA, A., et al. (2004): «Ecuador frente a la estampida emigratoria», en J. A. ALONSO (coord.), 2004:71-112.
ADAMS, R. H., y PAGE, J. (2003): «International migration, remittances and poverty in developing countries», BM, W.P. n.º 3179.
ADELMAN, I., y AYLOR, J. E. (1990): «Is Structural Adjustment with a Human Face Posible? The case of Mexico»., en The Journal of Development Studies, 26, 3:387-407.
ALARCÓN, R. (2004): «Las remesas colectivas y las asociaciones de migrantes mexicanos en los Estados Unidos», en G. A. ZÁRATE (coord.), 2004: 159-184.
ALONSO, J. A. (ed.) (2004): Emigración, pobreza y desarrollo, Madrid, Catarata.
APPLEYARD, R. (1992): «International migration and development: an unresolved relationship», en International Migration, 3, 3/4: 251-266.
ASILIS, C., y GHOSH, T. (2002): The Savings Trap and Economic TakeOff, Oxford Economic Papers, 54: 20-43, Oxford University Press.
BANCO MUNDIAL (2002): Informe sobre el desarrollo mundial 2002. Instituciones para los mercados, Washington.
— (2003): Global Development Finance 2003. Striving for Stability in Development Finance, Washington.
— (2005): Global Development Finance. Mobilizing Finance and Managing Vulnerability, Washington.
— (2005a): World Development Indicators. Database, agosto 2005.
BECKER, G. S. (1964): Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education, New York, National Bureau of Economic Research.
BÉNABOU, R. (1996): Inequality and Growth, W. P. n.º 5658. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge.
BHAGWATI, J. (2003): «Borders beyond control», en Foreign Affairs, 82, 1:98-104.
— (2005): En defensa de la globalización. El rostro humano de un mundo global, Barcelona, Debate.
BID-FOMIN (2004): Sending Money Home: Remittances to Latin American and the Caribbean, mayo. www.iadb.org/mif/v2/files/map2004survey.pdf
CECA (2003): Estudio sobre las remesas enviadas por los emigrantes latinoamericanos residentes en España a sus países de origen. www.ceca.es/latinoamerica/remesas.pdf
CHISWICK, B. R. (2000): «Are Immigrants Favorably Self-Selected? An Economic Analisys», en BRETEL y HOLLIFIELD (eds.): Migration Theory, pp. 61-76, New York.
DEININGER, K., y SQUIRE, L. (1998): «New Ways of Looking at Old Issues: Inequality and Growth», en Journal of Development Economics, 57:259-287.
DURAND, J., et al. (1996): «Migradollars and Development: A Reconsideration of the Mexican Case», en International Migration Review, 30, 2:423-444.
ESCRIVÁ, A., y RIVAS, N. (2004): Migraciones y Desarrollo, Córdoba, CSIC.
GLICK SCHILLER, N.; BASCH, L., y SCANTON BLANC, C. (eds.) (1992): Towards a Transnational Perspective on Migration: Race, Class, Ethnicity and Nationalism Reconsidered, New York, NY Academy of Sciences.
GHOSH, B. (1998): «La migración económica y los países emisores», en G. MALGESINI (comp.): Cruzando fronteras. Migraciones en el sistema mundial, Barcelona, Icaria, pp. 147-186.
GROSSMAN, G., y HELPMAN, E. (1991): Innovation and growth in the global economy, Cambridge, MIT Press.
GUARNIZO, L. E. (2004): «Aspectos económicos del vivir transnacional», en A. ESCRIVÁ y N. RIBAS (coords.), 2004:55-86.
HIGGINS, M. (1998): The demographic determinants of savings investment and international capital flows, MIT Mass.
KELLY, A. C., y SCHMIDT, R. (1996): «Saving, dependency and development», en Journal of Population Economics, 9, 4:365-386.
KOO, A. (1994): «Initial Pre-Takeoff Conditions and Stages of Growth», en G. RANNIS et al.: The Political Economy of Comparative Development into the 21st Century, Edward Publishing, Inc.
LACOMBA, J. (2004): Migraciones y desarrollo en Marruecos, Madrid, Catarata.
LEVITT, P. (2001): The Transnational Villagers, Berkeley, Univ. of California Press.
LIPTON, M. (1980): «Migration from rural areas of poor countries: the impact on rural productivity and income distribution», en World Development, 8:1-24.
MCKINLEY, B. (2003): Remesas de los Migrantes en las Américas. Tendencias y Opciones de Políticas para los países de la CRM, VIII Conferencia Regional sobre Migración, Cancún, may OIM.
MARTÍNEZ PIZARRO, J. (2003): «Panorama regional de las remesas durante los años noventa y sus impactos macrosociales en América Latina», en Migraciones Internacionales, 2, 2:40-76.
MEYERS, D. W. (1998): Migrant Remittances to Latin America: Reviewing the literature, Inter-American Dialogue y Th. Rivera Policy Institute. W.P., mayo.
MUNDELL, R. (1968): International Economics, Nueva York, Macmillan.
NAÏR, S. (1997): Rapport de bilan et d´orientation sur la politique de codéveloppment liée aux flux migratoires, París, MAE.
NORTH, D. C. (1990): Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, New York, Cambridge University Press.
OIM (2004): Medición del impacto de las remesas familiares en los hogares y comunidades receptoras. Misión Guatemala, Guatemala, marzo.
— (2005): World Migration Report. Costs and Benefits of International Migration, Ginebra.
ONU (2002): International Migration Report, 2002, División de Población, New York.
— (2003): «International migration and development», UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/58/325, 23 December, New York.
— (2005a): «International Migration and Development», Report of the Secretary-General, A/60/205, 8 de agosto. En red.
— (2005b): Population Challenges and Development Goals, New York.
OROZCO, M. (2003a): «Worker remittances, transnationalism and development». Ponencia. Conferencia Internacional Migrant Remittances: Development Impact, Oportunities for the financial sector and future prospects, Londres.
— (2003b): «Worker Remittances in an International Scope», W.P. para Inter-American Dialogue. En red: www.thedialogue.org/
publications
— (2004a): Remesas a América Latina y el Caribe: Temas y perspectivas en materia de desarrollo, C. de A. WP. www.summit-americas.org/publications/summit working papers-eng.htm
— (2004b): «Oportunidades y estrategias para el desarrollo a través de las remesas», en J. A. ALONSO (2004), pp. 113-138.
PAPADEMETRIOU, D., y MARTIN, P. (eds.) (1991): The Unsettled Relationship: Labor Migration and Economic Development, Conneticut, Greenwood Press, Westport.
PNUD (2005): Investing in Development. A Practical Way to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals, Londres.
— (2004): Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano, 2004. La libertad cultural en el mundo diverso de hoy, New York.
— (1999): Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano, 1999, New York.
PORTES, A. (2003): «Theoretical Convergencies and Empirical Evidence in the Studies of Immigrant Transnationalism», en International Migration Review, 37, 3:874-892.
PORTES, A.; GUARNIZO, L. E., y LANDOLT, P. (1999): «The study of transnationalism: pitfalls and promise of an emergent research field», en Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22: 217-237.
PRIES, L. (ed.) (2001): New Transnational Social Spaces: International Migration and transnational companies in the early twenty-first century, Londres, Routledge.
PURI, S., y RITZEMA, T. (1999): «Migrant worker remittances, microfinance and the informal economy: prospects and issues». OIT, W.P. n.º 21, Ginebra.
RATHA, D. (2003): «Workers’ Remittances: An Important and Stable Source of External Development Finance», en BM: Gobal Development Finance, Ch. 7.
REY DE M., N. y J. GUZMÁN, J. (2003): Inequidad, Desarrollo Humano y Política Social: Importancia de las «Condiciones Iniciales», IIDS/BID, W. P. I-51.
RODRIK, D. (1994): «King Kong Meets Godzilla: The World Bank and The East Asian Miracle», en: Miracle or Design? Lessons from the East Asian Experience, Overseas Development Policy, Washington, D.C. Ens. n.º 11.
— (1999): Institutions for High-Quality Growth: What They Are and How to Acquire Them, Paper, FMI: Conference on Second Generation Reforms, Washington.
ROMER, P. (1986): «Increasing returns and long run growth», en Journal of Political Economy, vol. 94.
SID AHMED, A. (2004): «Migraciones y desarrollo en el Mediterráneo: lecciones y perspectivas a la luz del acuerdo de Barcelona», en AUBARELL y ZAPATA: Inmigración y procesos de cambio. Europa y el Mediterráneo en el contexto global, Barcelona, Icaria.
SJAASTAD, L.A. (1962): «The costs and returns of human migration», en Journal of Political Economy, 70, 89-93.
SMITH, M. P., y GUARNIZO, L. E. (eds.) (1998): Transnationalism from Below, New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers.
SORENSEN, N. N. (2004): The Development Dimension of Migrant Remittances, OIM, W.P., n.º 1, junio, Ginebra.
SORENSEN, N. N., et al. (2002): The Migration-Development Nexus: Evidence and Policy Options, OIM, W.P., n.º 8, julio, Ginebra.
STEPPUTAT, F., y SORENSEN, N. N. (2001): «The rise and fall of “internally displaced people” in the central Peruvian Andes», en Development and Change, 32, 4:769-791.
STARK, O. (1991): The Migration of Labour, Cambridge, NM, USA: Basil Blackwell.
TAYLOR, J. E. (2001): «Migración, nuevas dimensiones y características, causas, consecuencias e implicaciones para la pobreza rural», en FAO: Temas actuales y emergentes para el análisis económico y la investigación de políticas, Roma, pp. 187-227.
— (1999): «The New Economics of Labor Migration and the Role of
Remittances», en International Migration 37, 1:63-86.
— (1995): «Debt, dependence and the demographic transition: Latin America into the next century», en World Development, 23, 5:869-879.
TODARO, M. P. (1969): «A model of labour emigration and urban unemployment in less developed countries», en American Economic Review, 59, 1:138-148.
USHER, E. (2005): The Millenium Development Goals and Migration, OIM, WP, n.º 20, Ginebra.
WILLIANSON, O. E. (1985): The economic institutions of capitalism, New York, The Free Press
ZÁRATE, G. A. (2004a): «Consumo y remesas en los hogares mexicanos», en G. A. ZÁRATE (coord.) (2004): Remesas de los mexicanos y centroamericanos en Estados Unidos. Problemas y perspectivas, México, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, pp. 65-96.
— (2004b): «Un análisis de multiplicadores de las remesas en la economía mexicana», en G. A. ZÁRATE (coord.) (2004), pp. 131-158.
Downloads
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The authors of articles published in Migraciones retain the intellectual property rights over their works and grant the journal their distribution and public communication rights, consenting to their publication under a Creative Commons NonCommercial-NoDerivatives-Attribution 4.0 International License. Authors are encouraged to publish their work on the Internet (for example, on institutional or personal pages, repositories, etc.) respecting the conditions of this license and quoting appropriately the original source.
