Asylum seekers and their families in Bodo, Norway. No space for resilience?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14422/mig.i44.y2018.006Keywords:
política migratoria, solicitantes de asilo, familia, resiliencia, violencia.Abstract
In the last decade, millions of people in the world have been displaced by the violence of their places of origin, increasing the demand for international asylum. Faced with this situation, the European countries have hardened their migration policies, increasing the number of people who stay under the condition of asylum seekers. This article seek to identify, from a qualitative study 2013 in Bodo (Norway), limits on the processes of resilience of the population in this condition; from the individual, exploring their ways of life in the place of arrival and constraints offering care policy; and from the family, from leaks and ruptures arising from forced migration and dispersal policy implemented by the host country. How individual, collective and institutional resources have an impact directly on their process of resilience and dynamics of social inclusion can be concluded.
Downloads
References
Arnoso, M., Mazkiaran, M. e Irazu, A. (2012): Mujer inmigrante y violencia de género: factores de vulnerabilidad y protección social. Migraciones, (32), 169-200.
Abraido-Lanza, A. F., Dohrenwend, B. P., Ng-Mak, D. S. y J. B. Turner (1999): The Latino mortality paradox: A test of the "salmon bias" and healthy migrant hypotheses. American Journal of Public Health, 89 (10), 1543-1548. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.89.10.1543
Aisenberg, E. y T. Herrenkohl (2008): Community Violence in Context: Risk and Resilience in Children and Families. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23 (3), 296-315. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260507312287
Aspinall, P. J. y Watters, C. (2010): Refugees and asylum seekers: a review from an equality and human rights perspective. Research Report, 52. Equality and Human Rights Commission.
Ballester, L. (1999): Las necesidades sociales. Teorías y conceptos básicos. Madrid: Editorial síntesis.
Barudy, J. y Marquebreucq, A. P. (2006): Hijas e hijos de madres resilientes. Traumas infantiles en situaciones extremas: violencia de género, guerra, genocidio, persecución y exilio. Madrid: Gesida
Beco-a, E., López, A., Míguez, M. C., y Fernández, E. (2006): Resiliencia y consumo de cocaína. XXIII Jornadas nacionales de Socidrogalcohol, 110.
Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I., y Wisner, B. (2004): At risk: natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters. New York: Routledge.
Brekke, J. (2012): Missing. Asylum seekers who leave reception centers in Norway. Norway: Institute for social research.
Bonnano, G. E. (2010): The parameters of disaster: consequences, risk and resilience in individuals, families, communities, and society. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11 (1), 1-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100610387086
Boucher, M. (2009): Finding resiliency, standing tall: Exploring trauma, hardship, and healing with refugees. International Journal of Narrative Therapy & Community Work, (4) 43-51.
Burnett, A. y Peel, M. (2001): Asylum seekers and refugees in Britain: Health needs of asylum seekers and refugees. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 322 (7285), 544-547. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7285.544
Caplan, N., Whitmore, J. y Marcella, H. C. (1989): The boat people and achievement in America: of family life, hard work, and cultural values. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9690241
Cohen, H. L. (2010): Memory and Resiliencie. Journal of Human Behavoir in the Social Enviroment, 20 (4), 525. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10911350903275309
Convención sobre el estatuto de los refugiados (1951): Recuperado de: http://www.acnur.org/t3/fileadmin/scripts/doc.php?file=biblioteca/pdf/0005 (Consultado el 7 de junio de 2014).
Eastmond, M. y Stefansson, A. (2010): Beyond reconciliation: Social reconstruction after de Bosnian War. Focaal, (57), 3-16.
Eggerman, M. y Panter-Brick, C. (2010): Suffering hope, and entrapment: Resilience and cultural values in Afghanistan. Social science and medicine, 71 (1), 71-83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.023
Eurostat Stadistics Explained (2017, marzo 13): Estadísticas de asilo. Recuperado de, from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index. php?title=Asylum_statistics%2Fes&oldid=353137#Solicitantes_de_asilo (Consultado el 26 de enero de 2018)
Evans, B. y Reid, J. (2016): Una vida en resiliencia. El arte de vivir en peligro. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Feuerverger, G. (2011): Re-bordering spaces of trauma: auto-ethnographic reflections on the immigrant andrefugee experience in an inner-city high school in Toronto. International Review of Education / Internationale Zeitschrift fürErziehungswissenschaft / Revue Internationale de l'Education, 57 (3/4), 357-375 Recuperado de http://www.jstor.org/stable/41480121
Falicov, C. (2011): Migración perdida Antigua y rituales. Recuparado de http://www.redsistemica.com.ar/migracion2.htm (Consultado el 7 de junio de 2014)
Fu y VanLandingham (2012): Mental Health Consequences of International Migration for Vietnamese Americans and the Mediating Effects of Physical Health and Social Networks: Results From a Natural Experiment Approach. Demography, 49 (2), 393-424. Recuperado de http://www.jstor.org/stable/23252462
García, M. y Domínguez, E. (2013): Desarrollo teórico de la resiliencia y su aplicación en situaciones adversas: una revisión analítica. Revista Latinoamérica de Ciencias Sociales, Ni-ez y Juventud, 11 (1), 63-77.
Gold, S. S. (1992): Mental health and illness in Vietnamese refugees. The Western Journal of Medicine, 157 (3), 290-294.
Gómez E. y Klotiarenco, M. (2010): Resiliencia familiar: un enfoque de investigación e intervención con familias multiproblemáticas. Revista de Psicología 19 (2), 103-132.
Gracia, E., Herrero, J. y Lila, M. (2009): Neighbourhood social disorder, social integration in the community, and subjective well-being among Latin-American immigrants in Spain». En D. Chadee y A. Kostic (eds.), Research in social psychology. St. Augustine, Trinidad: University of the West Indias Press.
Guribye, E. S. (2011): Communal proactive coping strategies among Tamil refugees in Norway: A case study in a naturistic setting. International Journal of Mental Health Systems. 5 (1), 9-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-5-9
Haines, D., Rutherford, D. y Thomas, P. (1981): Family and community among Vietnamese refugees. International Migration Review, 15 (1-2), 310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918381015001-229
Haines, D. W. (1982): Southeast Asian refugees in the United States: The interaction of kinship and public policy. Anthropological Quarterly, 55 (3), 170-181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3318026
Hanh, P. T. (1979): The family in Vietnam and its social life. In J. K. Whitmore (Ed.), An introduction to Indochinese history, culture, language, and life (pp. 77-84). Ann Arbor: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Mich.
Herman, J. L. (2001): Trauma and Recovery. From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror, London: Pandora.
Hobfoll, S. E. (2011): The Limits of resiliencie: Distresspolitical violence among Palestinians. Social science and medicine, 72, 140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.02.022
Kantor, G., Jasinski, J. y Aldorondo, E. (1994): Socio-cultural status and incidents of marital violence in Latino families. Violence and Victims, 9 (3), 207-222.
Kilpi-Jakonen, E. (2011): Continuation to upper secondry education in Finland: Children of immigrants and themajority compared. Acta Sociologica, 54 (1), 67-94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0001699310392604
Klasen, F. O. (2010): Posttraumatic Resiliencie in Former Uganda Child Soldiers. Child Development, 81 (4), 1096-1113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01456.x
Kloterianco, M., Cáceres, I. y Fontecilla, M. (1997): Estado de arte en resiliencia. Washington: Organización Panamericana de la Salud.
Kuo, W. y Tsai, Y. (1986): Social networking, hardiness and inmigrant's mental health. Journal of health and social behavior, 27 (2), 133-149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2136312
Laban, C. J., Gernnat, H. B. P. E., Komproe, I. H., Twel, V. D. y De Jong, J. (2005): Postmigration living problems and common psychiatric disorders in Iraqi asylum seekers in the Netherlands. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 193 (12), 825-832. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000188977.44657.1d
Lambert, V. A. y Lambert, C. E. (1979): The impact of physical illness and related mental health concepts. The Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice – Hall
Landale, N. S., Oropesa, R. S., Lianes, D. y Gorman, B. K. (1999). Does Americanization hace adverse effects on health? Stress, health habits, and infant health outcomens among Puerto Ricans. Social Forces, 78 (2), 613-641. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/78.2.613
Landale, N. S. y Oropesa, R. S. (2001): Migration, social support and perinatal Health: an origin-destination analysis of Puerto Rican women. Journal of health and social Behavior 42 (2), 166-183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3090176
Lavie-Ajayi, M. y Slonim-Nevo, V. (2016): A qualitative study of resilience among asylum seekers from Darfur in Israel. Qualitative Social Work 16(6), 825-841 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325016649256
Manciaux, M. V. (2003): La resiliencia: resistir y rehacerse. Madrid: Gedisa
Malley-Morrison, K. y Hines, D. (2007): Attending to the role of Race/Ethnicity in family violence research. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22 (8), 943-972. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260507303060
Merino, V. (2017): Victimización secundaria en los supuestos de violencia contra mujeres inmigrantes en situación administrativa irregular. Migraciones, 41, 107-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14422/mig.i41.y2017.005
Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social Gobierno de Espa-a (2016): Noruega. La evolución de la política migratoria en 2016. Actualidad internacional sociolaboral, (207), 147-152. Recuperado de http://www.empleo.gob.es/es/mundo/Revista/Revista207/index.htm (Consultado 25 de enero de 2017).
Monroy, B. y Palacios, L. (2011): Resiliencia: ¿Es posible medirla e influir en ella? Revista Salud Mental, 34 (3), 237-246.
Moracco, K., Hilton, A., Hodges, K. y Frasier, P. (2005): Knowledge and Attitudes about intimate partner violence among Immigrant Latinos in rural North Carolina: Baseline information and implications for outreach. Violence Against Women, 11 (3), 337-352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801204273296
Newbold, K. B. (2005): Self-rated health within the Canadian immigrant population: Risk and the healthy immigrant effect. Social Science & Medicine, 60 (6), 1359-1370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.06.048
Øien, C. y Sønsterudbråten, S. (2011): No way in, no way out? A study of living conditions of irregular migrants in Norway. Fafo rapport, 2011, 3.
Salazar, K. y Ribeiro, M. (2015): Sentimientos de vulnerabilidad y necesidades complejas en los buscadores de asilo de Bodo, Noruega. Revista Políticas Sociales Sectoriales, (2), 144-159.
Salazar, K., Ribeiro, M. y Mendoza, H. (2016): Resiliencia un proceso para afrontar la adversidad ante las familias expuestas a escenarios violentos. Revista Políticas sociales Sectoriales, (3), 272-283.
Shteir, S. P. (2009): "I Have a Voice-Hear Me¡" Finding of an Australian Study Examining the Resettlement and Integration Experience of Refugees and Migrants from the Horn of Africa in Australia. Refuge, 26 (2), 133-146.
Statistics of Norway (2013): Persons with refugee background, 2013. Recuperado de: http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/flyktninger/aar/2013-09-04#content. (Consultado el 7 de junio de 2017).
Statistics of Norway (2016). Four per cent of Norwegian population has refugee background, 2016. Recuperado de: https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvgrunn/aar-flyktningbakgrunn. (Consultado el 7 de mayo del 2017).
Tomkiewicz, S. (2004): El surgimiento el concepto. En: B. Cyrulnik y otro. El realismo de la esperanza. Barcelona: Gedisa
UDI (2013): Annual report 2013. Recuperado de: https://www.udi.no/en/statistics-and-analysis/annual-reports/annual-reports-from-previous-years/. (Consultado el 7 de junio de 2014).
UNHCR (2012): Global Trends Report, 2012. Recuperado de: http://www.unhcr.org.uk/about-us/key-facts-and-figures.html. (Consultado el 7 de junio de 2014).
UNHCR (2013): Mid-year Trends, 2013. Recuperado de: http://www.unhcr.org/52a f08d26.html. (Consultado el 7 de junio de 2014).
Valenta, M. y Bunar, N. (2010): State assisted integration: Refugee Integration policies in Scandinavian welfare states: the Swedish and Norwegian experience. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23 (4), 463-483. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feq028
Villalba, C. (2003): El concepto de resiliencia individual y familiar. Aplicaciones en la intervención social. Revista Intervención Psicosocial, 12 (3), 283-299.
Villacieros, I. (2016): La Resiliencia en los contextos de Refugio. Revista de Psicoterapia, 27 (105), 139-155.
Vizer, E. y Martín-Barbero, J. (2003): La trama (in) visible de la vida social: comunicación, sentido y realidad. Buenos aires: La Crujía.
Walsh, F. (2004): Resiliencia familiar. Estrategias para su afrontamiento. Buenos Aires: Amorrortu
West, C. (2005): Domestic violence in ethnically and racially diverse families: The "political gag order" has been lifted. En B. E. Richie, N. J. Sokoloff y C. Pratt (eds.), Domestic violence at the margins: Readings on race, class, gender, and culture. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Walsh, A. y Walsh, P. A. (1987): Social support, assimilation, and biological effective blood pressure levels. International Migration Review, 21 (3), 577-591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838702100307
Wilcox, B. L. (1981): Social support, life stress, and psychological adjustment: A test of the buffering hypothesis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9 (4), 371-386. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00918169
Wilson, J. P. y Drozdek, B. (2004): Broken spirits: The treatment traumatized asylum seekers, refugees, and war and torture victims. New York: Brunner-Routledge
Wren, K. (2007): Supporting asylum seekers and refugees in Glasgow: the role of multi-agency networks. Journal of Refugee Studies, 20 (3), 391-413. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fem006
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The authors of articles published in Migraciones retain the intellectual property rights over their works and grant the journal their distribution and public communication rights, consenting to their publication under a Creative Commons NonCommercial-NoDerivatives-Attribution 4.0 International License. Authors are encouraged to publish their work on the Internet (for example, on institutional or personal pages, repositories, etc.) respecting the conditions of this license and quoting appropriately the original source.