El perdón a uno mismo en la persona que ha cometido abuso sexual infantil

María Prieto-Ursúa; Sonia Xianzi San Martín Caballero

doi:10.14422/ee.v99.i388.y2024.007

Autores/as

María Prieto-Ursúa Universidad Pontificia Comillas https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7562-0923
Sonia Xianzi San Martín Caballero Universidad Pontificia Comillas https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8241-9989

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14422/ee.v99.i388.y2024.007

Palabras clave:

abuso sexual infantil, perdón a uno mismo, distorsiones cognitivas, desconexión moral

Resumen

El proceso del perdón a uno mismo se dificulta cuando nuestra conducta ha dañado a otro de forma muy intensa e injusta y es disonante con nuestros valores o principios. Esta experiencia amenaza la propia identidad y pone en marcha mecanismos de autoprotección para conservar un autoconcepto aceptable. Desde un enfoque individual y recogiendo las aportaciones de la psicología del perdón, el artículo ofrece claves para comprender el proceso de perdón a uno mismo en el victimario de abuso sexual infantil (ASI): revisa brevemente el alcance del daño infligido, para comprender la dificultad de la tarea y las defensas y resistencias presentes durante el proceso, presenta en detalle dos mecanismos de protección con frecuencia presentes en los victimarios ASI y termina identificando los pasos del proceso de perdón a uno mismo que permitirían al victimario reconstruir una identidad aceptable desde el pleno reconocimiento de la ofensa y su responsabilidad.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Abel, Gene G., David K. Gore, C. L. Holland, Nancy Camps, Judith V. Becker, y Jerry Rathner. “The measurement of the cognitive distortions of child molesters”. Annals of Sex Research 2 (1989): 135-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00851319

Anderson, Jane. “Comprehending and rehabilitating roman catholic clergy offenders of child sexual abuse”. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 24 (2015): 772-795. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2015.1077367

Bandura, Albert. “Selective activation and disengagement of moral control”. Journal of Social Issues 46 (1990): 27-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb00270.x

Bandura, Albert. “Failures in self-regulation: Energy depletion or selective disengagement?”. Psychological Inquiry 7 (1996): 20-24. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0701_3

Bandura, Albert. “Moral Disengagement in the Perpetration of Inhumanities”. Personality and Social Psychology Review 3 (1999): 193-209. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_3

Bandura, Albert. “Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency”. Journal of Moral Education 31 (2002): 101-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724022014322

Benkert, Marianne, y Thomas P. Doyle. “Clericalism, religious duress and its psychological impact on victims of clergy sexual abuse”. Pastoral Psychology 58 (2009): 223-238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-008-0188-0

Cibich, Mikaela, Lydia Woodyatt, y Michael Wenzel. “Moving beyond ‘shame is bad’: How a functional emotion can become problematic”. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 10, n.º 9 (2016): 471-483. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12263

Cornish, Marilyn A., y Nahtaniel G. Wade. “A therapeutic model of self-forgiveness with intervention strategies for counselors”. Journal of Counseling and Development 93 (2015): 96-104. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2015.00185.x

Cornish, Marilyn A., Lydia Woodyatt, Graham Morris, Anne Conroy, y Jessica Townsdin. “Self-forgiveness, self-exoneration, and self-condemnation: Individual differences associated with three patterns of responding to interpersonal offenses”. Personality and Individual Differences 129 (2018): 43-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.003

Deci, Edward L., y Richard M. Ryan. “The ‘what’ and ‘why’ of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior”. Psychological Inquiry 11 (2000): 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01

D’Urso, Giluio, Irene Petruccelli, Valentina Costantino, Carla Zappulla, y Ugo Pace. “The role of moral disengagement and cognitive distortions toward children among sex offenders”. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 26 (2018): 414-422. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2018.1506718

Domhardt, Matthias, Annika Münzer, Jörg M. Fegert, y Lutz Goldbeck. “Resilience in survivors of child sexual abuse: A systematic review of the literature”. Trauma Violence Abuse 16 (2015): 476-493. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014557288

Echeburúa, Enrique, y Cristina Guerricaechevarría. “Concepto, factores de riesgo y efectos psicopatológicos del abuso sexual infantil”. En Violencia contra los niños, coordinado por José Sanmartín, 3.ª ed., 86-112. Barcelona: Ariel, 2005.

Enright, Robert D. “Counseling within the forgiveness triad: On forgiving, receiving, forgiveness, and self-forgiveness”. Counseling and Values 40 (1996): 107-126. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.1996.tb00844.x

Exline, Julia J., Briana L. Root, Suhrida Yadavalli, Alyce M. Martin, y Mickie L. Fisher. “Reparative behaviors and self-forgiveness: Effects of a laboratory-based exercise”. Self and Identity 10 (2011): 101-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298861003669565

Finkelhor, David, y Angela Browne. “Initial and long-term effects: A conceptual framework”. En A sourcebook on child sexual abuse, editado por David Finkelhor, 180-198. Sage Publications, 1986.

Fisher, Mickie L., y Julia J. Exline. “Self-forgiveness versus excusing: the roles of remorse, effort and acceptance of responsibility”. Self and Identity 5 (2006): 127-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860600586123

Gavrielides, Theo. “Clergy child sexual abuse and the restorative justice dialogue”. Journal of Church and State 55 (2013): 617-639. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcs/css041

Gilbert, Daniel T., Elizabeth C. Pinel, Timothy D. Wilson, Stephen J. Blumberg, y Thalia P. Wheatley. “Immune neglect: a source of durability bias in affective forecasting”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75 (1998): 617-38. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.617

Griffin, Brandom J., Everett L. Worthington, Caroline R. Lavelock, Chelsea L. Greer, Yin Lin, Don E. Davis, y Joshua N. Hook. “Efficacy of a self-forgiveness workbook: A randomized controlled trial with interpersonal offenders”. Journal of Counseling Psychology 62 (2015): 124-136. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000060

Hall, Julie H., y Frank D. Fincham. “Self-Forgiveness: the stepchild of forgiveness research”. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 24 (2005): 621-637. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2005.24.5.621

Marshall, William L. “Assessment, treatment, and theorizing about sex offenders: developments over the past 20 years and future directions”. Criminal Justice and Behavior 23 (1996): 162-199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854896023001011

Marshall, William L. “Current status of North American assessment and treatment programs for sexual offenders”. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 14 (1999): 221-239.

Maruna, Shadd. Making good: how ex-convicts reform and rebuild their lives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1037/10430-000

Nadler, Arie, y Nurit Shnabel. “The role of agency and morality in reconciliation processes: The perspective of the Needs-Based Model”. Current Directions in Psychological Science 24 (2015): 477-483. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415601625

Olalde Altarejos, Alberto José. “Justicia restaurativa y victimizaciones a menores en su sexualidad en el seno de la Iglesia católica española: reflexiones inacabadas desde una práctica incipiente”. Revista de Victimología / Journal of Victimology 10 (2020): 119-152. https://doi.org/10.12827/RVJV.10.05

Onody, Alison P., Lydia Woodyatt, Michael Wenzel, Mikaela Cibich, Amanda Sheldon, y Marilyn A. Cornish. “Humility and its Relationship to Self-condemnation, Defensiveness and Self-forgiveness Following Interpersonal Transgressions”. Journal of Psychology and Theology 48 (2020): 118-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091647120911111

Pargament, Kenneth. I., Nichole A. Murray-Swank, y Annette Mahoney. “Problem and Solution: The Spiritual Dimension of Clergy Sexual Abuse and its Impact on Survivors”. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 17 (2008): 397-420. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538710802330187

Pereda Beltrán, Noemí. “El espectro del abuso sexual en la infancia: definición y tipología”. Revista de Psicopatología y Salud Mental del Niño y del Adolescente 16 (2010): 57-68.

Summit, Roland C. “The Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome”. Child Abuse and Neglect 7 (1983): 177-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(83)90070-4

Thakker, Joanne, Tony Ward, y Shruti Navathe. “The Cognitive Distortions and Implicit Theories of Child Sexual Abusers”. En Aggressive Offenders’ Cognition. Theory, Research and Practice, editado por Theresa A. Gannon, Tony Ward, Anthony Beech y Dawn Fisher, 11-29. John Wiley & Sons, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470746295.ch1

Varona, Gema. “Reconocer a las víctimas para reparar y prevenir el sufrimiento: Los abusos sexuales en la Iglesia y las posibilidades de la justicia restaurativa desde un enfoque victimológico”. Razón y Fe 272, n.º 1405 (2015): 383-396. https://revistas.comillas.edu/index.php/razonyfe/article/view/9614

Ward, Tony. “Good lives and the rehabilitation of offenders. Promises and problems”. Aggression and Violent Behavior 7 (2002): 513-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-1789(01)00076-3

Ward, Tony, y Thomas Keenan. “Child molesters’ implicit theories”. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 14 (1999): 821-838. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626099014008003

Wenzel, Michael, Lydia Woodyatt, y Kyli Hedrick. “No genuine self-forgiveness without accepting responsibility: Value reaffirmation as a key to maintaining positive self-regard”. European Journal of Social Psychology 42 (2012): 617-627. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1873

Wenzel, Michael, Lydia Woodyatt, Tyler G. Okimoto, y Everett L. Worthington. “Dynamics of Moral Repair: Forgiveness, Self-Forgiveness, and the Restoration of Value Consensus as Interdependent Processes”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 47 (2021): 607-626. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220937551

Wohl, Michael J. A., Melissa M. Salmon, Samantha J. Hollingshead, Sara K. Lidstone, y Nassim Tabri. “The dark side of self-forgiveness: Forgiving the self can impede change for ongoing, harmful behaviour”. En Handbook of the psychology of selfforgiveness, editado por Lydia Woodyatt, Everett L. Worthington Jr., Michael Wenzel y Brandom J. Griffin, 147-159. New York, NY: Springer, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60573-9_11

Woodyatt, Lydia, y Michael Wenzel. “Self-forgiveness and restoration of an offender following an interpersonal transgression”. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 32 (2013): 225-259. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2013.32.2.225

Woodyatt, Lydia, y Michael Wenzel. “The Psychological Immune Response in the face of transgressions: Pseudo self-forgiveness and threat to belonging”. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 49 (2013): 951-958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.05.016

Woodyatt, Lydia, y Michael Wenzel. “A needs-based perspective on self-forgiveness: Addressing threat to moral identity as a means of encouraging interpersonal and intrapersonal restoration”. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 50 (2014): 125-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.09.012

Worthington, Everett L. Moving forward: Six steps to forgiving yourself and breaking free from the past. Colorado Springs, CO: WaterBrook/ Multnomah, 2013.

Zehr, Howard. Transcending: Reflections of Crime Victims. Intercourse, PA: Good Books, 2001.