From bridge to bulwark: the evolution of Brics in Russian grand strategy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14422/cir.i03.y2015.001Keywords:
Russia, BRICS, identity, Ukraine Crisis, anti-WesternismAbstract
Russia has been the driving force in pushing and shaping the narrative of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) since the group began to acquire a political identity in the mid-2000s. Russia’s motivations for promoting BRICS, however, have evolved considerably over the last decade. While Moscow’s initial goal was to use the group as a rhetorical device to strengthen Russia’s bargaining position with the West, in the wake of the ongoing crisis in Ukraine, BRICS has begun to symbolize for Russia a viable alternative to continued accommodation with the Western-led international system.Downloads
References
Andreev, Y. V. (2013). BRIKS: cherez sotrudnichesvo – k bezoposnosti? Puti k miry i bezopasnosti. Vol. 45(2), pp. 127-128.
Armijo, L. E. & Roberts, C. (2014). The Emerging Powers and Global Governance: Why the BRICS Matter. In Robert E. Looney (Ed.), Handbook of Emerging Economies (pp. 503- 520). London and New York: Routledge.
Bobrovnikov, A. & Davydov, V. (2005). Voskhodiashchie strany-giganty na mirovoi tsene XXI Veka. Latinskaia Amerika. Nº 5(May 31, 2005), pp. 4-20.
Brancato, E. (2014, April 25). Trends in Economic Development, Cooperation, and Trade: BRICS’ Position. Presented at the Russian International Studies Association (RISA), MGIMO - Moscow State Institute of International Relations.
BRIC Leaders (2011, April 14). Sanya Declaration. Presented at the Third BRICS Summit, Sanya, China. Retrieved from http://www.brics5.co.za/about-brics/summit-declaration/
third-summit/ BRICS Foreign Ministers (2014, March 24). BRICS Ministers Meet on the Sidelines of the Nuclear Security Summit in the Hague. The Hague. Retrieved from http://www.brics. utoronto.ca/docs/140324-hague.html
Cox, L. (2014, March 20). Russian President Vladimir Putin May Be Banned from G20 Summit in Brisbane. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved from http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/russian-president-vladimir-putin-may-be-banned-fromg20-
summit-in-brisbane-20140320-353t9.html
Davydov, V. M. & Bobrovnikov, A. V. (2009). Rol voskhodiashchikh gigantov v mirovoi ekonomike i politike (shansy Brazilii i Meksiki v globalnom izmerenii). Moskva: ILA RAN.
Devitt, P. & Caglayan, C. (2014, August 8) Turkey, Latin America Seen as Main Winners from Russia’s Food Import Bans. Reuters. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/08/ukraine-crisis-russia-food-idUSL6N0QE2HD20140808
Fortescue, S. (2014). The BRICS and Russia. In V. lo Lo & M. Hiscock (Eds.), The Rise of the BRICS in the Global Political Economy: Changing Paradigms? (pp. 228-240). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Grishaeva, L. E. (2012). Rossiia v BRIKS (2012). In L. S. Okuneva & A. A. Orlov (Eds.), Voskhodiashchie gosudarstva-giganty BRIKC: rol v mirovoi politike, strategii modernizatsii - sbornik nauchnykh trudov (pp. 299-308). Moscow, Russia: MGIMO - Universitet.
Krestianinov, V. (2014, July 17). BRIKS razryvaet dollarovye tsepi. Argumenty nedely. Nº 26 (418) edition. Retrieved from http://argumenti.ru/politics/n446/352813
Laidi, Z. (2011). The BRICS Against the West? CERI Strategy Papers. Vol. 11(2), pp. 1-12.
Lavrov, S. (2012). BRIKS - globalnyi forum novogo pokoleniia. Mezhdunarodnaia zhizn. Vol. 3(March 2012), pp. 1-6.
Larov, S. (2014, September 1). Vystuplenie i otvety na voprosy Ministra inostrannykh del S.V. Lavrova v khode vstrechi so studentami i professorsko-prepodavatelskim sostavom
MGIMO(U), Moskva, 1 sentiabria 2014 goda. MGIMO - Moscow State Institute of Internation Relations. Moscow. Retrieved from http://www.mid.ru/bdomp/brp_4.nsf/2fee282eb
df40e643256999005e6e8c/86be1b82f20774b044257d4600388f6f!OpenDocument
Lukyanov, F. (2014, December 13). Interview by Rachel S. Salzman. Personal Interview. Moscow, Russia.
Lukyanov, F. (2014, October 21). Playing by the Rules and without Rules. Russia Beyond the Headlines. Retrieved from http://rbth.co.uk/opinion/2014/10/31/playing_by_the_rules_and_without_rules_41093.html)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2007, March). A Survey of Russian Foreign Policy. Moscow, Russia. Retrieved from http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/e78a48070f128a7b43256999005bcbb3/8
a30b3a6b65b4f2c32572d700292f74?OpenDocument
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2008, July). The Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation. Retrieved from http://archive.kremlin.ru/eng/text/docs/2008/07/204750.shtml
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2013, March 21). Concept of Participation of the Russian Federation in BRICS. President of Russia. Retrieved from http://eng.news.kremlin.ru/media/events/eng/files/41d452b13d9c2624d228.pdf
Ministry of Foreign Relations, Brazil. (2014). Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement - Fortaleza July 15. Retrieved from http://brics6.itamaraty. gov.br/media2/press-releases/220-treaty-for-the-establishment-of-a-brics-contingentreserve-
arrangement-fortaleza-july-15 [accessed 5 January 2015]
Nikonov, V. A., (Ed.). (2009). Probuzhdenie BRIK/The Awakening of BRIC. Moscow. Retrieved from http://www.nkibrics.ru/pages/publications
O’Neill, J. (2001). Building Better Global Economic BRICs. Goldman Sachs. Retrieved from http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/archive/archive-pdfs/build-better-brics.pdf
Panova, V. (2012). Mesto Rossii v BRIKS: videnie i prakticheskie rezultaty. Vliianie vneshnikh igrokov na protsess vzaimodeistviia v “klube”. Vsia Evropa. Nº 7-8(68). Retrieved from http://alleuropalux.org/?p=3927
Panova, V. (2014, September 19). Interview by Rachel S. Salzman. Personal Interview. Moscow, Russia.
Putin, V. (2007, February 12). Putin’s Prepared Remarks at 43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2007/02/12/AR2007021200555.html
Putin, V. (2014, July 15). Speech at BRICS Summit Plenary Session. Speech presented at the VIth BRICS Summit, Fortaleza, Brazil. Retrieved from http://eng.kremlin.ru/transcripts/
Rapoza, K. (2014, August 18). Following Food Ban, Russia Moving On From Europe. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2014/08/18/following-food-banrussian-moving-on-from-europe/
Roberts, C. (2010). Russia’s BRICs Diplomacy: Rising Outsider with Dreams of an Insider. Polity. Vol. 42(1), pp. 38-73. Retrieved from doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/pol.2009.18
Stent, A. (2007). Reluctant Europeans. In R. T. Legvold (Ed.), Russian Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century and the Shadow of the Past (pp. 393-442). New York: Columbia University Press.
Stuenkel, O. (2014a). An Interview with Oliver Stuenkel on the BRICS. Interview by Central European University School of Public Policy. Retrieved from http://www.postwesternworld. com/2014/10/21/interview-oliver-stuenkel/
Stuenkel, O. (2014b). Emerging Powers and Status: The Case of the First BRICs Summit. Asian Perspective. Vol. 38(1), pp. 89-109.
Tett, G. (2010, January 15). The Story of the Brics. Financial Times. Retrieved from http://www. ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/112ca932-00ab-11df-ae8d-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2hRROifdt
Toloraya, G. (2014, May 14). Interview by Rachel S. Salzman. Personal Interview. Moscow, Russia.
Trenin, D. (2006, July 1). Russia Leaves the West. Foreign Affairs. Vol. 85(4), pp. 87-96. Retrieved from doi:10.2307/20032043
Umland, A. (2012). Russia’s New “Special Path” After the Orange Revolution. Russian Politics and Law. Vol. 50(6), pp. 19-40.
Ünay, S. (2013). Reality or Mirage?: BRICS and the Making of Multipolarity in the Global Political Economy. Insight Turkey. Vol. 15 (3), pp. 77-94.
Unnikrishnan, N. (2014, September 22). Interview by Rachel S. Salzman. Personal Interview. Moscow, Russia.
Vlaskin, G. A, Glinkina, S. P. & Lenchuk, E. B. (2013). Sotrudnichestvo so stranami BRIKS v interesakh modernizatsii rossiiskoi ekonomiki. In V. A. Nikonov & G. D. Toloraya (Eds.), Strategiia Rossii v BRIKS: Tseli i instrumenty. Moscow: Universitet.
Zagorski, A. (2010). Russian Approaches to Global Governance in the 21st Century. Internationale Spectator. Vol. 45(4), pp. 27-42. Retrieved from doi:10.1080/03932729.2010.527099
Downloads
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The authors of articles published in Comillas Journal of International Relations retain the intellectual property rights over their works and grant the journal their distribution and public communication rights, consenting to their publication under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivates 4.0 Unported. Authors are encouraged to publish their work on the Internet (for example, on institutional or personal pages, repositories, etc.) respecting the conditions of this license and quoting appropriately the original source.