Una clasificación de las teorías éticas sobre el aborto

David Alvargonzález

doi:10.14422/pen.v79.i303.y2023.011

Autores/as

David Alvargonzález Universidad de Oviedo

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14422/pen.v79.i303.y2023.011

Palabras clave:

aborto, ética, clasificación, teoría

Resumen

En este artículo presento una clasificación de las teorías éticas acerca del aborto provocado. En esa clasificación utilizo dos criterios que, aunque inseparables, se pueden tratar relativamente disociados uno del otro. En primer lugar, presento las teorías ordenadas según el estatuto ontológico y ético que otorgan a los gametos, cigotos, preembriones, embriones, fetos y neonatos, y discuto las teorías basadas en la idea de potencialidad. En segundo lugar, me refiero a las teorías centradas en la libertad de la madre. En las consideraciones finales reconozco explícitamente el partidismo de la teoría de teorías propuesta.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Abbate, Ch. E. (2015). «Adventures in moral consistency: How to develop an abortion ethic through an animal rights framework», en: Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 18, 145-164, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-014-9515-y

Abbott, P. (1978). «Philosophers and the abortion question», en: Political Theory, 6,3, 313-335.

Alonso Bedate, C. (1989). «Reflexiones sobre cuestiones de vida y muerte: Hacia un nuevo pradigma de comprensión del valor ético de la entidad biológica humana en desarrollo», en: Francesc Abel, Edouard Bone y Harvey Jonh (eds.) La vida humana: Origen y desarrollo. Reflexiones éticas de científicos y moralistas. Madrid: Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, pp. 57-81.

Álvarez, R. M. y Brehm, J. (1995). «American ambivalence towards abortion policy: Development of a heteroskedastic probit model of competing values», en: American Journal of Political Science, 39,4, 1055-108, doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-5341-2-7

Álvarez-Manninen, B. (2007). «Revisiting the argument from fetal potential» en: Philosophy, Ethics and Humanities in medicine, 2, 7, 1-16, doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-5341-2-7

Álvarez-Manninen, B. (2010). «Rethinking Roe vs. Wade: Defending the abortion right in the face of contemporary opposition» en: The American Journal of Bioethics, 10,12, 33-46, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2010.528508

Alvargonzález, D. (2009). La clonación, la anticoncepción y el aborto en la sociedad biotecnológica. Oviedo: Pentalfa.

Alvargonzález, D. (2015). "Towards a non-ethics-based consensual public policy of abortion". en International Journal of Health Planning and Management 32,1: e39-e46.

Alvargonzález, D. (2016). «The constitution of the human embryo as substantial change», en: Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 41, 2, 172-191, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhv062

Anscombe, Gertrude E.M. (1992-93) «Were you a zygote?» en: Philosophy, 18 (supplement), 1985, 111-16.Araujo, Robert J., «Abortion, ethics, and the common good: Who are we; What do we want; How do we get there», en: Marquette Law Review, 76, 701-754.

Aristóteles (1990). Sobre la generación de los animales. Madrid: Gredos.

Aristóteles (1983). Acerca del alma. Madrid: Gredos.

Barbado, M. (O.P.) (1943). «¿Cuándo se une el alma al cuerpo?», en: Revista de Filosofía, 4, 7-60.

Bassen, P. (1982). «Present Sakes and Future Prospects: The Status of Early Abortion», en: Philosophy & Public Affairs, 11, 4, 314-337.

Bearak, J. (2020). Popinchalk, Anna, Ganatra, Bela, Moller, Ann-Beth, Tunçalp, Özge, Beavin, Cynthia, et al., «Unintended pregnancy and abortion by income, region, and the legal status of abortion: estimates from a comprehensive model for 1990-2019», en: The Lancet, 8, 9, e1152-e1161, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30315-6

Beckwith, F. J. (1992). «Personal bodily rights, abortion, and unplugging the violinist», en: International Philosopihical Quarterly, 32,1, 105-118.

Beckwith, F. J. (2005). Defending Life. Cambridge: CUP.

Beckwith, F. J. (2004). «Thomson’s equal reasonableness argument for abortion rights: A critique», en: American Journal of Jurisprudence, 49,1, 185-198, doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajj/49.1.185

Beckwith, F. J. (2006). «Defending Abortion Philosophically: A Review of David Boonin’s “A Defense of Abortion”», en: Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 31,2, 177-203, https://doi.org/10.1080/03605310600588723

Berkich, D. (2007). «A Fallacy in potentiality», en: Dialogue, XLVI, 137-150, doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012217300001591

Bermúdez, J. L. (2007). «Thinking without words: An overview for animal ethics», en: Journal of Ethics, 11,3, 319-335, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10892-007-9013-8

Boonin, D. (2003). A Defense of Abortion, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Brody, B. (1975). Abortion and the Sanctity of Human Life: A Philosophical View. Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT Press.

Bueno, G. (1996). «Lectura tercera: Individuo y persona», en: El sentido de la vida, seis lecturas de filosofía moral, Pentalfa, Oviedo, pp.115 -237.

Bueno, G. (2010). El fundamentalismo democrático. Madrid: Temas de Hoy.

Busdygan, D. (2013). Sobre la despenalización del aborto. Buenos Aires: Universidad Nacional de La Plata.

Brown, M. T. (2007). «The potential of human embryo», en: Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 32, 6, 585-618.

Byrne, P. (1988). «The animation. Tradition in the light of contemporary philosophy», en: G. R. Dustan y M. J. Seller, The Status of the Human Embryo: Perspectives from Moral Tradition. London: Oxford University Press, pp. 86-110.

Camosy, Ch. C. (2008). «Common Ground on Surgical Abortion? Engaging Peter Singer on the Moral Status of Potential Persons» en: Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 33,6, 577-593, doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhn032

Carrier, L. S. (1975). «Abortion and the right to life», en: Social Theory and Practice, 3,4, 281-401.

Ciccone, L. (2003). Bioética. Historia. Principios, Cuestiones. Madrid: Ediciones Palabra.

Congregación para la Doctrina de la Fe (1974). Declaración sobre el aborto, Ciudad del Vaticano.

Connery, J. R. (1977). Abortion, the Development of the Roman Catholic Perspective. Chicago: Loyola University Press.

Damschen, G., Gómez-Lobo, A., Schönecker, D. (2006). «Sixteen days? A reply to B. Smith and B. Brogaard on the beginning of human individuals», en: Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 31, 165-175, https://doi.org/10.1080/03605310600588707

Davis, Evan G. (2012). It’s a Girl: The Three Deadliest Words in the World (documental). London: Shadowline Films.

Davis, N. (1993). «The abortion debate: The search for common ground, parts 1 and 2», en: Ethics, 103, 516-539, part 2, Ethics 103, 731-778.

DeMarco, D. (1984). «The Roman Catholic Church and abortion: A historical perspective (I y II)», en: The Homiletic and Pastoral Review, 59-66.

Dennett, D. (1976). «Conditions of personhood», en: Rorty, Amelie O. (ed.) The Identities of Persons. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp.175-196.

Dunstan, G. R. (1984). «The moral status of the human embryo: a tradition recalled», en: Journal of Medical Ethics, 1, 38-44.

Eberl, J. T. (2000). «The beginning of personhood: A Thomistic biological analysis», en: Bioethics 14, 2, 134-157, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8519.00186

Eberl, J. T. y Brandon P. B. (2011). «Brain life and the argument from potential: affirming the ontological status of human embryos and fetuses», en: Philosophy and Medicine, 111,1, 43-65, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1602-5_

Engelhardt, H. T. (1974). «The ontology of abortion», en: Ethics, 84, 3, 1974, 217-234.

Engelhardt, H. T. (1993). «Personhood, moral strangers, and the evil of abortion: The painful experience of post-modernity», en: Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 18,4, 419-421.

Feinberg, J. (1992). «Abortion», en: Freedom and Fulfillment, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, pp.37-75.

Finnis, J. (1973): «The rights and wrongs on abortion: A reply to Judith Thomson», en: Philosophy and Public Affairs, 2, 2, 117-145.

Flower, M. J. (1985). «Neuromaturation and the human fetus», en: Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 10, 3, 237-51.

Ford, N. M. (1988). When did I Begin? Conception of the Human Individual in History, Philosophy and Science. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Francione, G. L. (1995). «Abortion and animal rights: Are they comparable issues?», en: Adams, C y Donovan J. (eds.), Animals and Women. Durham: Duke University Press, pp.149-159.

Francione, G. L. (2006). «Taking sentience seriously», en: Journal of Animal Law and Ethics, 1, 1-18, doi: https://doi.org/10.14361/transcript.9783839424629.249

Gazzaniga, M. S. (2005). El cerebro ético. Barcelona: Paidós, Barcelona.

George, R. P. (2002). «Statement of Professor George (joined by Dr. Gómez-Lobo)», en: President’s council on Bioethics: Human Cloning and Human Dignity: An Ethical Inquiry, pp. 258-266.

George, R. P., Lee, P. (2005). «Acorns and Embryos», en: The New Atlantis, 90-100.

George, R. P. y Tollefsen (2008). Embryo: A Defense of Human Life. New York: Doubleday.

Gillespie, N. (1984). «Abortion and human rights», en J. Feiberg (ed.), The Problem of Abortion, Belmont: Wadsworth, Belmont, pp.94-102.

Gillon, R. (2001). «Is there a “new ethics of abortion”?» en: Journal of Medical Ethics, 1, 27, 115-119, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.27.suppl_2.ii5

Giubilini A. y Minerva, F. (2013). «After-birth abortion: Why should the baby live?» en: Journal of Medical Ethics, 39, 5, 261-263, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2011-100411

Goldenring, J. M. (1985). «The brain-life theory: towards a consistent biological definition of humanness», en: Journal of Medical Ethics, 11, 198-204.

Gómez-Lobo, A. (2005). «On potentiality and respect for embryos», Journal of Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, en: 26, 105-110, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11017-005-1235-9

Gracia, D. (1993). «Problemas filosóficos en genética y en embriología», en: Frances Abel y Camino Cañón (eds.), La mediación de la filosofía en la construcción de la bioética, Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, Madrid, pp. 217-254.

Grobstein, C. (1998). Science and the Unborn. New York: Basic Books.

Guenin, L. M. (2006). «The noninidividuation argument against zygotic personhood», en: Philosophy 81, 463-503, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031819106317044

Haldane, J. y Lee, P. (2003). «Aquinas on human ensoulment, abortion and the value of life», en: Philosophy, 78, 304, 2003, 255-278, doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031819103000275

Hare, R. M. (1975). «Abortion and the golden rule», en: Philosophy and Public Affairs, 4, 3, 201-222.

Harrison, B. W. (1983). Our Right to Choose: Toward a New Ethic of Abortion. Boston Mass.: Beacon.

Howsepian, A. A. (1992): «Who or what are we?» en: Review of Metaphysics, 45, 483-502.

Howsepian, A. A. (1997). «Lockwood on human identity and the primitive streak», en: Journal of Medical Ethics, 23, 38-41.

Howsepian, A. A. (2008). «Four queries concerning the metaphysics of early human embryogenesis», en: Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 33, 2, 140-157, https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhn001

Hughes, J. C. (2001). «Views of the person with dementia», en: Journal of Medical Ethics 27, 86-91.

Hurtshouse, R. (1991). «Virtue theory and abortion», en: Philosophy and Public Affairs, 20, 3, 223-246.

Jaggar, A. M. (1992). «Feminist Ethics», en L. Becker (ed.), Encyclopedia of Ethics. New York: Garland, pp. 364-367.

Jokic, A. (1993). «Why potentiality cannot matter», en: Journal of Social Philosophy, 24, 3, 177-193.

Kant, I. (2005). La Metafísica de las Costumbres [1797]. Madrid: Tecnos.

Koch-Hersenov, R. (2006). «Totipotency, twining, and ensoulment at fertilization», en: Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 31, 139-164, https://doi.org/10.1080/03605310600588673

Langer, R. (1992). «Abortion and the right to privacy», en: Journal of Social Philosophy, 23, 2, 23-51.

Langer, R. (1993). «Silverstein and the “responsability objection”», en: Social Theory and Practice, 19, 3, 345-358.

Larmer, R. (1995). «Abortion, personhood and the potential for consciousness», en: Journal of Applied Philosophy, 12, 3, 241-251.

Lee, P. (2004). «The pro-life argument from substantial identity: A defence», en: Bioethics, 18, 3, 249-263, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2004.00393.x

Lee, P., y George, R. P. (2006). «The first fourteen days of human life», en: The New Atlantis, 61-67.

Lejeune, J. (1981). «When does human life begin? Declaration given before a U.S. Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Separation of Powers» S-158, 97th Congress, 1st session(on-line).

Li, H.-L. (1997). «Abortion and degrees of personhood», en: Public Affairs Quarterly, 11, 1, 1-19.

Little, M. O. (1999). «Intimacy and the duty to gestate», en: Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 2, 3, 295-312.

Lockwood, M. (1985). «When does a life begin?» en: M. Lockwood (Ed.), Moral Dilemmas in Modern Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 9-31.

Lockwood, M. (1985). «Human identity and the primitive streak», en: Hastings Center Report, 25, 1, 45.

Marquis, D. (1989). «Why abortion is immoral», en: The Journal of Philosophy, 84, 4, 183-202.

Marquis, D. (2007). «Abortion revisited», en: The Oxford Handbook of Bioethics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 395-415.

McCormick, R. A. (1991). «Who or what is the preembryo?» en: Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 1, 1, 1-15.

McDaniel, I. (2015). «The responsibility objection to abortion: rejecting the notion that the responsibility objection successfully refutes woman’s right to choose», en: Bioethics, 29, 4, 291-9, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12097

McDonagh, E. (1996)., Breaking the Abortion Deadlock: From Choice to Consent. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

McInerney, P. K. (1990). «Does a fetus already have a future-like-ours?» en: The Journal of Philosophy, 87, 5, 264-268.

McMahan, J. (2007). «Infanticide», en: Utilitas, 19, 131-159, doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953820807002440

Merritt John L., y Merritt II, J. L. (2010). «When Does Human Life Begin?» Scientifical, Scriptural and Historical Evidence Supports Implantation. Kemore, Washington: Crystal Clear Books.

Montague, P. (2011). «Stem cell research and the problem of embryonic identity», en: Journal of Ethics, 15, 307-319, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10892-011-9107-1

Morowitz, H. y Trefill, J. (1992). The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Morris, J. (2012). «Substance ontology cannot determine the moral status of embryos», en: Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 37, 4, 325-330, doi: 10.1093/jmp/jhs026

Munthe, Ch. (2001). «Divisibility and the moral status of embryos», en: Bioethics, 15, 5-6, 382-397, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8519.00249

Nathanson, B. (1983). Abortion Papers: Inside the Abortion Mentality. New York: F. Fell Publishers.

Palmer, C. (2010). Animal Ethics in Context. New York: Columbia University Press.

Palmer, C. (2011). «The moral relevance of the distinction between domesticated and wild animals», en: The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 701-725.

Pasnau, R. (2001): Thomas Aquinas on Human Nature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Penner, P. S. y Hull, R. T. (2008). «The beginning of individual human personhood», en: Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 33, 2, 174-182, doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhn003

Protopapadakis, E. (2012). «A cool hand on my feverish forehead: An even better Samaritan and the ethics of abortion», en: Philosophy Study, 2, 2, 115-123.

Pruss, A. R. (2002). «I was once a fetus: That is why abortion is wrong», en: Life and Learning, 12, 169-82.

Reader, S. (2008). «Abortion, killing, and maternal moral authority», en: Hipatia, 22, 1, 132-149, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2008.tb01169.x

Renfree, M. B. (1982). «Implantation and placentation», en Austin C. R. and Short, R. E. (eds.), Reproduction in Mammals v.2: Embryonic and Fetal Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 26-69.

Rini, R. A. (2013). «Of course the baby should live: Against “after-birth” abortion», en: Journal of Medical Ethics, 39, 353-356, doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2012-100640

Rollin, B. (1981). Animal rights and Human Morality. New York: Prometheus Books.

Sandel, M. J. (2004). «Embryoethics. The moral logic of stem-cell research», en: The New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 3, 207-9, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp048145

Savage, M. (1988). «The laws of abortion in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the People´s Republic of China: Women’s rights in two socialist countries», en: Stanford Law Review, 40, 4, 1027-1117.

Schwartz, S. (1990). Moral Questions of Abortion. Chicago Loyola University Press.

Sekaleshfar, F. B. (2009). «Reinterpreting the “quickening” perspective in the abortion debate», en: Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 30, 161-171, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11017-009-9102-8

Shannon, T. A. y Wolter, A. B. (1990). «Reflections on the moral status of the pre-embryo», en: Theological Studies, 51, 4, 603-26.

Silverstein, H. (1987). «On woman’s responsability for the fetus», en: Social Theory and Practice, 13, 1, 103-119.

Singer, P. (1993). Practical Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Singer, P. (1994). Rethinking Life and Death: The Collapse of our Traditional Ethics. Melbourne: Text Publishing.

Smith, B. y Brogaard, B. (2003). «Sixteen days», en: Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 10, 253-266, https://doi.org/10.1076/jmep.28.1.45.14172

Steinbock, B. (1992). Life before Birth. The Moral and Legal Status of Embryos and Fetuses. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Steinbock, B. (2007). «Moral status, moral value, and human embryos: implications for stem cell research», en: The Oxford Handbook of Bioethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 416-440.

Steiner, G. (2008). Animals and the Moral Community: Mental Life, Moral Status, and Kinship. New Yor: Columbia University Press.

Stier, M. (2018). «Potentiality in Bioethics», en K. Engelhard and M. Quante (Eds.), Handbook of Potentiality. Netherlands: Springer, pp. 327-350.

Stone, J. (1987). «Why potentiality matters», en: Journal of Social Philosophy, 26, 815-830.

Strong, C. y Anderson, G. (1989). «The moral status of near-term fetus», en: Journal of Medical Ethics, 15, 25-27.

Suaudeau, J. (2001). «Las raíces comunes de la píldora anticonceptiva y del aborto», en: Cuadernos de Bioética, 2, 194-211.

Sumner, L. W. (1974). «Toward a credible view of abortion», en: Canadian Journal of Philosophy, iv, 1, 163-181.

Sumner, L. W. (1981). Abortion and Moral Theory. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.

Tauer, C. A. (1997). «Embryo research and public policy: A philosopher’s appraisal», en: Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 22, 423-439.

Thomson, J. J. (1971). «A defense of abortion», en: Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1, 1, 47.

Tomás de Aquino (2008). Comentario al libro de las sentencias [1252]. Pamplona: EUNSA.

Tomás de Aquino (1953). Suma Teológica [1265-1274]. Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos.

Tooley, M. (1972).«Abortion and Infanticide», en: Philosophy and Public Affairs, 2, 1, 37-65.

Tribe, L. H. (1990). Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes. New York: Norton.

Tushnet, M. y Seidman, L. M. (1986). «A comment on Tooley’s “Abortion and infanticide”», en: Ethics, 96, 2, 350-355.

Uleman, J. K. (2000). «On Kant, infanticide, and finding oneself in a state of nature», en: Zeitschrift für philosopphische Forschung, 54, 2, 173-195.

Vila-Coro, M. D. (2007). La bioética en la encrucijada. Sexualidad. Aborto. Eutanasia. Madrid: Dykinson.

Warnock Commission (1984). Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Human Fertilisation and Embryology. London: HMSO.

Warren, M. A. (1972). «On the moral and legal status of abortion», en: The Monist, 57, 1, 43-67.

Warren, M. A. (1978). «Do potential people have moral rights?» en: R. Sikora and B. Barry (eds.), Obligations to Future Generations. Philadelphia PA: Temple University Press, pp. 14-30.

Warren, M. A. (1989). «The moral significance of birth», en: Hipatia, 4, 46-65.

Warren, M. A. (2000). «The moral difference between infanticide and abortion: A Response to Robert Card», en: Bioethics, 14, 352-359 doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8519.00202

Wreen, M. J. (1986). «The power of potentiality», en: Theoria, 1, 2, 16-41.