Materia, hombre, universo: la ontología de la apertura humana al holismo cósmico

Autores/as

  • Javier Monserrat Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Cátedra Ciencia, Tecnología y Religión, Universidad Pontificia Comillas

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14422/pen.v75.i283.y2019.007

Palabras clave:

fenomenología, objetos estables, campos de realidad, mecánica clásica, mecánica cuántica, holismo, holismo psíquico, holismo cósmico, hipótesis metafísicas sobre el universo, mística, Tzim-Tzum, kabala judía

Resumen

El universo que conocemos es un producto de la mente humana. En la experiencia fenomenológica primordial, que el hombre tiene de si mismo, se imponen dos hechos fenomenológicos: la experiencia de un mundo estable de objetos y la experiencia de un mundo de campos de realidad. El ejercicio de la razón, que le viene dada al hombre evolutivamente, lleva a preguntar cuáles son las causas reales que producen esos dos mundos. Igualmente, cuál es la verdad última del universo. La ciencia moderna produce un conocimiento racional (científico) que ofrece la base para responder esas preguntas. La mecánica clásica explica qué es y cómo se produce un mundo macroscópico de objetos estables. La mecánica cuántica qué son y cómo se producen los campos de realidad, a los que accede el hombre desde su psique humana. Todo ello nos lleva a entender que el universo tiene una ontología (un modo de ser real) holístico. El hombre, ya por su auto-experiencia primordial, pero también por los resultados de la ciencia, queda abierto al conocimiento del holismo cósmico. La naturaleza holística del universo es la clave para abordar las preguntas en torno a su verdad última. El holismo sigue haciendo posible la hipótesis atea de un universo sin Dios. Pero también es verdad que, más allá del reduccionismo decimonónico, el holismo hace hoy mucho más verosímil la hipótesis de la existencia de Dios. A modo de sugerencia, el artículo concluye con una referencia a la imagen de Dios, y de la creación del universo en Dios, según el discurso alegórico de la kabala judía.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Abbott, L., Sejnowski, T. J. (Eds.) (1999), Neural Codes and Distributed Representations. Foundations of Neural Computation, Bradford Book, Cambridge-Massachussets, London, England, MIT Press.

ACZEL. A. D. (2001), Entanglement, New York, Plume Book.

Andersen, P. B., et al. (2000), Downward Causation: Minds, Bodies and Matter, Aarnus, Dinamarca, Aarnus University Press.

ANDERSON, JAMES A., ROSENFELD EDWARD (Eds.) (1998), Talking Nets. An Oral History of Neural Networks, Bradford Book, Cambridge-Massachussets, London, England, MIT Press.

Ballesteros, SOLEDAD (2002), Psicología General II: Atención y Percepción, Madrid, UNED.

Bear, M.F., Connors, B. W., Paradiso, M. A. (1998), Neurociencia. Explorando el Cerebro, Barcelona, Masson – Williams & Wilkins.

Beauregard, M. (Ed.) (2003), Consciousness, Emotional Self-Regulation and the Brain, Amsterdam, Benjamin.

BECK, F., ECCLES, J. (2003), «Quantum Processes in the Brain: A scientific basis of Consciousness», en: OSAKA, N. (Ed.), Neural Basis of consciousness, Amsterdam: Benjamins, 141-166. https://doi.org/10.1075/aicr.49.14bec

Beorlegui, CARLOS, «Los emergentismos sistémicos: Un modelo fructífero para el problema mente-cuerpo», en: Pensamiento, vol. 62 (2006) 391-439.

Bohm, D. (1952), «A Suggested Interpretation of Quantum Theory in Terms of Hidden Variables», en: Physical Review, 85, 166-179. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.85.166

Bohm, D. (1980), La totalidad y el orden implicado, Barcelona, Kairós.

Bohm, D. (1986), «A New Theory of the Relationship of Mind to Matter», en: Journal of the American Society for Physical Research, 80, 113-135.

Bohm, D. (1990), «A new Theory of the relationship of Mind to Matter», en: Philosophical Psychology, 3, 271-286. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089008573004

Bohm, D., Hiley, D.J. (1993), The Undivided Universe, London, Routledge.

Bohr, N. (1958), Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge, New York, Routledge.

Bruce Goldstein, E. (2006), Sensación y percepción, 6ª Edición, Madrid, Thompson-Paraninfo.

Buckley, P., Peat, D. (Eds.) (1996), Glimpsing Reality. Ideas in Physics and the Link to Biology, Toronto, University of Toronto Press.

Cabeza, R., Kingstone, A. (Eds.) (2001), Handbook of Functional Neuroimaging of Cognition, Cambridge-Massachussets, London, England, MIT Press.

Carter, RITA (1998), El nuevo mapa del cerebro, Barcelona, RBA Ediciones.

CASTRO GARCIA, ÓSCAR, «Aspectos biosemióticos de la conciencia. En búsqueda de los signos de la vida y su referencia a la conciencia como principio teleonómico», en Pensamiento, vol. 62 (2006) 471-504.

CHALUPA, L. M., WERNER, J. S. (Eds.) (2004), The Visual Neurosciences, Bradford Book, Cambridge-Massachussets, London, England, 2 vol.

Crespo, ANTONIO (2007), Cognición Humana. Mente, Ordenadores y Neuronas, 2da. Edición, Madrid, Editorial Centro de Estudios Ramón Areces.

Cobos Cano, P. L. (2005), Conexionismo y cognición, Madrid, Ediciones Pirámide.

DAMASIO, Antonio (1994), Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain, New York, Quill/HarperCollins Publishers Inc.

DAMASIO, Antonio (1999), The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness, Florida, Harcourt, Inc.

DAMASIO, Antonio (2003), Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain, Florida, Harcourt, Inc.

Davydov, A. S. (1982), Biology and Quantum Mechanics, Oxford, Pergamon Press.

Eccles, J. (1990), «A Unitary Hypothesis of Mind-Brain Interaccion in the Cerebral Cortex», en: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 240, 433-451. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1990.0047

Eccles, J. (1994), How the Self Controls its Brain, Berlin, Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-49224-2

Edelman, G. M., Mountcastle, V. B. (1978), The Mindful Brain: Cortical Organization and the Group-Selective Theory of Higher Brain Function, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.

EDELMAN, G. M. (1987), Neural Darwinism: The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection, Basic Books, Nueva York.

EDELMAN, G. M. (1988), Topobiology: An Introduction to Molecular Embriology, Basic Books, Nueva York.

EDELMAN, G. M., Tononi, G. (2000), A Universe of Consciousness: How Matter Becames Imagination, Basic Books, Nueva York.

Edelman, G. M. (2001), Building a Picture of the Brain, In: Edelman, G. M., Jean-Pierre Changeux (Ed.), The Brain, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick – London.

Edelman, G. M. (2004), Wider than the Sky: the Phenomenal Gift of Consciousness, Yale University Press, New Haven – London.

Edelman, G. M. (2006), Second Nature: Brain Science and Human Knowledge, New Haven – London, Yale University Press.

Edelman, G., Changeux, J. P. (Eds.) (2001), The Brain, New Brunswick (USA), London (U.K.), Transaction Publishers.

EINSTEIN, A., PODOLSKY, B., ROSEN, N. (1935), «Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete», en: Physical Review, 47, 777ss. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.47.777

Fodor, JERRY (1998), In Critical Condition. Polemical Essays on Cognitive Science and the Philosophy of Mind, Bradford Book, Cambridge-Massachussets, London, England, MIT Press.

Fodor, JERRY (2000), The Mind Doesn’t Work That Way. The Scope and Limits of Computacional Psychology, Bradford Book, Cambridge-Massachussets, London, England, MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/4627.001.0001

Fröhlich, H. (1968), «Long Range Coherence and Energy Storage in Biological Systems», en: International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 2, 641-649. https://doi.org/10.1002/qua.560020505

Fröhlich, H. (Ed.) (1988), Biological Coherence and Response to External Stimuli, Berlin, Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73309-3

FUSTER, JOAQUÍN M. (2003), Cortex and Mind. Unifying Cognition, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Gegenfurtner, K. R., Sharpe, L. T. (eds.) (1999), Color Vision. From Genes To Perception, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

GISOLFI, CARL V., MORA, FRANCISCO, The Hot Brain. Survival, Temperature, and the Human Body, Cambridge-Massachussets, London, England, Bradford Book, MIT Press.

GOLDSTEIN, BRUCE E. (Ed.) (2005), Blackwell Handbook of Sensation & Perception, Malden Massachussets, Blackwell Publishing.

GRAY, WAYNE D. (Ed.) (2007), Integrated Models of Cognitive Systems, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

HAGEN, S., HAMEROFF, S., TUSZYNSKI, J. (2002), «Quantum Computation in Brain Microtubules: Decoherence and Biological Feasibility», en: Physical Review, E65, 061901-1 – 061901-11. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.65.061901

HAYNES, DUANE E. (2004), Principios de Neurociencia, 2da. Edición, Barcelona, Elsevier Science.

Hameroff, Stuart, Penrose, Roger (1996), «Orchestrated Reduction of Quantum Coherence In Brain Microtubules: A Model for Consciousness», In: Toward a Sciences of Consciousness, The First Tucson Discussions and Debates, eds. Hameroff, S. R., Kaszniak, A. W. and Scott, A. C., Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 507-540.

Hameroff, S., Penrose, R. (1996), «Orquestrated Reduction of Quantum Coherence in Brain Microtubules: A model for Consciousness», en: Journal of Consciousness Studies, 3, 36-53.

Hameroff, Stuart (1996), «Conscious Events As Orchestrated Space-Time Selections», In: Journal of Consciousness Studies, 3 (1): 36-53.

Hameroff, Stuart (1998), «Quantum Computation In Brain Microtubules? The Penrose-Hameroff «Orch OR» Model of Consciousness», In: Philosophical Transactions Royal Society London (A) 356:1869-1896.

Hameroff, Stuart (1998), «Did Consciousness Cause the Cambrian Evolutionary Explosion?», In: Hameroff, S. R., Kaszniak, S. R., Scott, A. C. (eds.), Toward a Science of Consciousness II: The Second Tucson Discussions and Debates, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 421-437.

Hameroff, Stuart (2003), «Time, Consciousness and Quantum Events in Fundamental Spacetime Geometry», In: Bucceriu, R., Saniga, M., Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop.

Hameroff, S. (2003), Ultimate Computing. Biomolecular Consciousness and Nanotecnology, Tucson, Arizona, Personal Edition.

Hameroff, Stuart (2004), «Quantum States in Proteins and Protein Assemblies: The Essence of Life?», In: Proceedings of SPIE Conference on Fluctuation and Noise, Canary Islands, June 2004.

Hameroff, Stuart (2004), «Quantum States in Proteins and Protein Assemblies: The Essence of Life?», In: Proceedings of SPIE Conference on Fluctuation and Noise, Canary Islands, June 2004.

Hameroff, Stuart (2006), «Consciousness, Neurobiology and Quantum Mechanics: The Case for a Connection», In: Tuszynski, Jack (ed.), The Emerging Physics of Consciousness, Berlin-Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag.

Hameroff, Stuart (2004), «Quantum States in Proteins and Protein Assemblies: The Essence of Life?», In: Proceedings of SPIE Conference on Fluctuation and Noise, Canary Islands, June 2004.

Harris, L., Jenkin, M. (Eds.) (2007), Computational Vision in Neural and Machine Systems, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

HEYES, CECILIA, HUBER, LUDWIG (Eds.) (2000), The Evolution of Cognition, Bradford Book, Cambridge-Massachussets, London, England, MIT Press.

HINTON, GEOFFREY, SEJNOWSKI, TERRENCE J. (Eds.) (1999), Unsupervised Learning. Foundations of Neural Computation, Cambridge-Massachussets, London, England, Bradford Book, MIT Press.

Jibu, M., Yasue, K. (1995), Quantum Brain Dynamics and Consciousness, Amsterdam, Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/aicr.3

Kandel, E. R., Schwarz, J. S., Jessell, T. M. (2000), Principles of Neural Science, 4th edn, New York, McGraw-Hill.

KANDEL-SCHWARZ-JESSELL (2003), Neurociencia y Conducta, Madrid, Prentice-Hall.

Kandel, E. R. (2006), In Search of Memory. The Emerging of a New Science of Mind, New York, Norton & Company.

Kauffman, S. (1993), The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Kauffman, S. (1995), At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity, New York, Oxford University Press.

Koch, CHRISTOFF (2004), The Quest for Conscoousness. A neurobiological Approach, Englewood, Colorado, Roberts and Company Publishers.

Laughlin, R. B. (2005), A Different Universe. Reinventing Physics from the Bottom Down, New York, Basic Books.

Libet, B. (1985), «Unconscious Cerebral Initiative and the Role of Conscious Will in Voluntary Action», en: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8, 529-566. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00044903

Libet, B. (2003), «Cerebral Physiology of Conscious Experience: Experimental Studies», en: OSAKA, N., Neural Basis of Consciousness, Amsterdam, Benjamins.

Libet, B. (2004), Mind Time: The temporal Factor in Consciousness, Cambridge Massachussets, Harvard University Press.

LUNA, DOLORES, TUDELA, PÍO (2006), La percepción visual, Madrid, Trotta.

Llinás, R., Churchland, P.S. (1996), The Mind-Brain Continuum, Cambridge Massachussets, MIT Press.

McCrone, J. (1999), Going Inside: A Tour Round a Single Moment of Consciousness, London, Faber and Faber.

McFADDEN, J. (2000), Quantum Evolution: The New Science of Life, New York, W.H. Norton.

Margulis, L., Sagan, D. (1995), What is Life? New York, Simon and Schuster.

Monserrat, J. (1996), «Francis Crick y la emergencia de la conciencia visual», In: Pensamiento, vol. 52 (1996) 241-252.

Monserrat, J. (2000), «Penrose y el enigma cuántico de la conciencia», In: Pensamiento, vol. 56 (2000) 177-208.

Monserrat, J. (2001), «Engramas neuronales y teoría de la mente», In: Pensamiento, vol. 57 (2001) 176-211.

Monserrat, J. (2002), «John Searle en la discusión sobre la conciencia», In: Pensamiento, vol. 58 (2002) 143-159.

Monserrat, J. (2003), «Teoría de la mente en Antonio R. Damasio», In: Pensamiento, vol. 59 (2003) 177-213.

Monserrat, J. (2005), «Génesis evolutiva de la representación y del conocimiento», en: Martínez-Freire, Pascual F., Cognición y representación, Contrastes, Suplemento 10, Málaga 2005, 51-70.

Monserrat, J. (2006), «Gerald M. Edelman y su antropología neurológica: Presentación y discusión de su teoría de la mente», In: Pensamiento, vol. 62 (2006) 441-170.

MONSERRAT, J. (2007), «Neural Networks and Quantum Neurology: Speculative Heuristic Towards the Arquitecture of Psychism», en: Mira, J., Álvarez, J. R. (Eds.), Bioinspired Modeling of Cognitive Tasks, Berlin-Heidelberg, Springer Verlag. Part I, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73053-8_1

MORA. F. (Ed.) (1995), El problema cerebro-mente, Madrid, Alianza Editorial.

Mora, F. (Ed.) (2000), El cerebro sintiente, Barcelona, Ariel.

Mora, F. (Ed.) (2004), Esplendores y miserias del cerebro, Madrid, Fundación Santander Central Hispano.

Mora, F. (2007), Neurocultura, Madrid, Alianza Editorial.

MUNAR, E-, ROSSELLÓ, J., SÁNCHEZCABACO, A. (Eds.) (1999), Atención y percepción, Madrid, Alianza Editorial.

MURPHY, NANCEY, BROWN, WARREN S. (2007), Did My Neurons Make Me Do It? Philosophical and Neurobiological Perspectives on Moral Responsibility and Free Will, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Nadeau, R., Kafatos, M. (1999), The Non-local Universe: The New Physics and Matters of the Mind, New York, Oxford University Press.

Nielson, M., Chuang, I. L. (2001), Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Nichol, L. (Ed.) (2003), The Essential David Bohm, London, Routledge.

O´REILLY, RANDALL C., MUNAKATA, Y., (2000), Computational Explorations in Cognitive Neuroscience. Understanding the Mind by Simulating the brain, Cambridge-Massachussets, London-England, Bradford Book. MIT Press.

OSHERSON, DANIEL N. (Ed.) (1998), Methods, Models, and Conceptual Issues, Cambridge-Massachussets, London, England, MIT Press.

Palmer, S. E. (1999), Vision Science. Photons to Phenomenology, Bradford Book, Cambridge-Massachussets, London, England, MIT Press.

Parasunaman, RAJA (Ed.) (1998), The Attentive Brain, Bradford Book, Cambridge-Massachussets, London, England, MIT Press.

PASHLER, H. (1998), The Psychology of Attention, Cambridge, Massachussets, MIT Press.

Parks, R. W., Levine, D. S., Long, D. L. (Eds.) (1998), Fundamentals of Neural Network Modeling. Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Bradford Book, Cambridge-Massachussets, London, England, MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3163.001.0001

Peat, F. D. (1997), Infinite Potential. The Life and Times of David Bohm, New York, Perseus Publishing.

Penrose, Roger (1989), The Emperor´s New Mind, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Penrose, Roger (1994), Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Penrose, Roger (1997), The Large, the Small and the Human Mind, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Penrose, Roger (2005), The road to reality: a complete guide to the laws of the universe, New York, Knopf.

Pribram, Karl H. (1991), Brain and Perception. Holonomy and Structure in Figural Processsing, Hillsdale, New Jersey, L. Erlbaum Publishers.

Purves, Dale, Y OTROS (Eds.) (2006), Neurociencia, 3ª. Edición, Buenos Aires, Editorial Médica Panamericana.

Ramachandran, V.S., Blakeslee, S. (1998), Phantoms in the Brain, New York, William Morrow.

Ramachandran, V.S., Hubbard, E.M. (2001), «Psychophysical Invetigations into the Neural Basis of Synaesthesia», en: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 268: 979-983. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2000.1576

Ramachandran, V.S. (2003), «Hearing Colors and Testing Shapes», en: Scientific American, May: 52-59.

Ramachandran, V.S. (2004), A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness, New York, Pi Press.

Sanchez Ron, J. M. (2005), Historia de la Física Cuántica: I. El período fundacional (1860-1926), Barcelona, Crítica.

Schrödinger, E. (1999), Mente y Materia, Barcelona, Tusquets.

Scott, A. C. (1995), Stairway to the Mind, New York, Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2510-2

Scott, A. C. (2002), Neuroscience: A Mathematical Primer, New York, Springer-Verlag.

Scott, A. C. (2003), Non-linnear Science: Emergence and Dynamics of Coherent Structures, 2nd. Ed

Descargas

Publicado

2019-04-03

Cómo citar

Monserrat, J. (2019). Materia, hombre, universo: la ontología de la apertura humana al holismo cósmico. Pensamiento. Revista De Investigación E Información Filosófica, 75(283 S.Esp), 131–170. https://doi.org/10.14422/pen.v75.i283.y2019.007

Número

Sección

Parte primera. El hombre en el universo