Transnational Families in Crisis Context. Mobility and (non) Family Arrangements of Venezuelan in Peru
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14422/mig.2024.009Keywords:
international migrations, crisis, transnational family, Venezuela, PeruAbstract
Since 2016, Latin America has witnessed a massive migratory phenomenon of Venezuelans leaving their homeland to survive the crisis. These migrations, mostly individual, lead to the creation of transnational families characterized by a system of solidarity across the distance between the destination country and Venezuela. This article explores the formation, arrangements, and modes of organization of these families. Based on retrospective interviews with 51 Venezuelan migrants of both sexes settled in Peru, it analyses the various forms of transnational family and the limits in observing this concept. In addition to money transfers and communication between migrants and non-migrants, the research highlights two configurations of this type of family, in relation to the urgency of addressing food security concerns and the aspirations of other family members within this space of regional mobility.
Downloads
References
Acuña-Choque, K., Bazan-Joaquin, B., Malvaceda-Espinoza, E. L. y Monroy-Velasco, I. R. (2023). Social Representations About Migration Among Venezuelan Immigrants Residing in Metropolitan Lima, Peru. Migraciones Internacionales, 14. https://doi.org/10.33679/rmi.v1i1.2568
Al Nijjar Salloum, S. (2022). The Redesign of Immigration Policy for the Venezuelan Inflows in South American Countries. Migraciones, (55). https://doi.org/10.14422/mig.2022.008
Angulo-Giraldo, M., Guanipa-Ramírez, L. y Albites-Sanabria, J. (2021). Media, emotional impact and health recommendations on venezuelan migrant women during the covid-19. Estudios Fronterizos, 22. https://doi.org/10.21670/ref.2112075
Ariza, M. (2002). Migración, familia y transnacionalidad en el contexto de globalización: Algunos puntos de reflexión. Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 64(4), 53-84. https://doi.org/10.2307/3541596
Baeninger, R., Demétrio, N. B. y Domeniconi, J. de O. S. (2021). Migrações dirigidas: Estado e migrações venezuelanas no Brasil. Revista Latinoamericana de Población, 16(30), 65-93. https://doi.org/10.31406/relap2022.v16.e202113
Baldassar, L., Baldock, C. V. y Wilding, R. (2007). Families caring across borders: Migration, ageing and transnational caregiving. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230626263
Barbieri, N. G., Ramírez Gallegos, J., Ospina Grajales, M. del P., Cardoso Campos, B. P. y Polo Alvis, S. (2020). Respuestas de los países del Pacífico Suramericano ante la migración venezolana: Estudio comparado de políticas migratorias en Colombia, Ecuador y Perú. Diálogo andino, (63), 219-233. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0719-26812020000300219
Blouin, C. (2021). Complejidades y contradicciones de la política migratoria hacia la migración venezolana en el Perú. Colombia Internacional, (106), 141-164. https://doi.org/10.7440/colombiaint106.2021.06
Bryceson, D. (2019). Transnational families negotiating migration and care life cycles across nation-state borders. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(16), 3042-3064. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1547017
Bryceson, D. y Vuorela, U. (2002). The Transnational Family: New European Frontiers and Global Networks. Berg.
Cañizález, A. y Jiménez, I. (2023). Venezuelans in Peru: A Restrained Citizenship? Contratexto, 40, 55-73. https://doi.org/10.26439/contratexto2023.n40.6445
Carroll, H., Luzes, M., Freier, L. F. y Bird, M. D. (2020). The migration journey and mental health: Evidence from Venezuelan forced migration. Population Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100551
Castillo Crasto, T. y Reguant Álvarez, M. (2017). Percepciones sobre la migración venezolana: Causas, España como destino, expectativas de retorno. Migraciones, (41), 133-163. https://doi.org/10.14422/mig.i41.y2017.006
Castro Padrón, M. y Freier, L. F. (2021). Invisible or ignored? COVID-19 and Venezuelan asylum seekers in Peru. Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, 129, 31-55. https://doi.org/10.24241/rcai.2021.129.3.31
Cavagnoud, R. (2021). Género, cuidados y responsabilidades familiares en las trayectorias migratorias de los jóvenes venezolanos. En E. Salmón (ed.), Trayectorias migrantes: La juventud venezolana en el Perú (pp. 173-207). https://doi.org/10.18800/978-612-317-718-8.004
Cavagnoud, R. (2024). Different trajectories from a common crisis. Survival migrations and resilience of venezuelan adolescents to Peru. Childhood, 31(1), 67-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/09075682231212036
Cavagnoud, R., Baillet, J. y Zavala, M. E. (2019). Vers un usage renouvelé de la fiche Ageven dans l’analyse qualitative des biographies. Cahiers Québecois de Démographie, 48, 27-51. https://doi.org/10.7202/1073339ar
Cavagnoud, R. y Bruslé, T. (2013). Le matricentrage comme stratégie de protection des enfants. Le cas des migrations internationales de femmes boliviennes. Autrepart, (66), 115-132. https://doi.org/10.3917/autr.066.0115
Domínguez Chenguayen, F. J., Conchacalle Cáceres, D. I. y Malca Belén, M. A. (2021). Metáforas, representación discursiva y migración venezolana en el Perú: Hacia un análisis critico-cognitivo del discurso de la prensa escrita peruana. Lengua y Migración, 13(2), 53-71. https://doi.org/10.37536/LYM.13.2.2021.1553
Espinoza, M. D. C., Gavidia-Payne, S. y Okumura, A. (2021). Understanding emotion regulation in Venezuelan immigrants to Peru and Peruvian internal migrants: A comparative study. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2021.2011177
Figueroa-Quiñones, J., Cjuno, J., Ipanaqué-Neyra, J., Ipanaqué-Zapata, M. y Taype-Rondan, Á. (2019). Calidad de vida de migrantes venezolanos en dos ciudades del norte del Perú. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Pública, 36(3), 383-391. https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2019.363.4517
Freier, L. F. y Pérez, L. M. (2021). Nationality-Based Criminalisation of South-South Migration: The Experience of Venezuelan Forced Migrants in Peru. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 27(1), 113-133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-020-09475-y
Gañán, R. P. y Molina, A. N. (2017). Migration’s grandmothers: Caregiving, reciprocity, and power relations within the transnational family. Migraciones, (41), 55-77. https://doi.org/10.14422/mig.i41.y2017.003
Gandini, L., Prieto, V. y Lozano-Ascencio, F. (2020). New mobilities in Latin America: Venezuelan migration in crisis contexts and the regional responses. Cuadernos Geográficos, 59(3), 102-120. https://doi.org/10.30827/cuadgeo.v59i3.9294
García, J., Correa, G. y Rousset, G. (2019). Trends in infant mortality in Venezuela between 1985 and 2016: A systematic analysis of demographic data. The Lancet Global Health, 7, 331-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30479-0
Gonzálvez Torralbo, H. (2013). Los cuidados en el centro de la migración. La organización social de los cuidados transnacionales desde un enfoque de género. Migraciones, (33), 127-153. https://revistas.comillas.edu/index.php/revistamigraciones/article/view/1024
Groeger, A., León-Ciliotta, G. y Stillman, S. (2024). Immigration, labor markets and discrimination: Evidence from the Venezuelan Exodus in Perú. World Development, 174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106437
Hawkins Rada, C. (2022). Forced migration and reproductive rights: Pregnant women fleeing venezuela. ACDI Anuario Colombiano de Derecho Internacional, 15. https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/acdi/a.9188
Hernández-Vásquez, A., Vargas-Fernández, R., Rojas-Roque, C. y Bendezu-Quispe, G. (2019). Factores asociados a la no utilización de servicios de salud en inmigrantes venezolanos en Perú. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica, 36(4), 583-591. https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2019.360.4654
Herrera, G. (2013). Gender and international migration: Contributions and cross-fertilizations. Annual Review of Sociology, 39, 471-489. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145446
Hondagneu-Sotelo, P. y Avila, E. (1997a). I’m here, but i’m there: The meanings of latina transnational motherhood. Gender and Society, 11(5), 548-571. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124397011005003
INEI. (2019). Condiciones de vida de la población venezolana que residente en el Perú. Resultados de la Encuesta dirigida a la población venezolana que reside en el país. ENPOVE 2018. (INEI). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática.
INEI. (2023). Condiciones de vida de la población venezolana que residente en el Perú. Resultados de la Encuesta dirigida a la población venezolana que reside en el país. ENPOVE 2022. (INEI). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática.
Irons, R. (2022). ‘Aquí viene una Veneca más’: Venezuelan migrants and ‘the sexual question’ in Peru. Anthropology and Medicine, 29(3), 323-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/13648470.2022.2046700
John, M. (2019). Venezuelan economic crisis: Crossing Latin American and Caribbean borders. Migration and Development, 8(3), 437-447. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2018.1502003
Le Gall, J. (2005). Familles transnationales: Bilan des recherches et nouvelles perspectives. Diversité Urbaine, 5(1), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.7202/010878ar
Márquez-Lameda, R. D. (2022). Predisposing and enabling factors associated with Venezuelan migrant and refugee women’s access to sexual and reproductive health care services and contraceptive usage in Peru. Journal of Migration and Health, 5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmh.2022.100107
Massey, D. S. (1990). Social structure, household strategies, and the cumulative causation of migration. Population Index, 56(1), 3-26. https://doi.org/10.2307/3644186
Mazuera-Arias, R., Albornoz-Arias, N., Cuberos, M. -A., Vivas-García, M. y Morffe Peraza, M. Á. (2020). Sociodemographic Profiles and the Causes of Regular Venezuelan Emigration. International Migration, 58(5), 164-182. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12693
Merla, L. (2014). La circulación de cuidados en las familias transnacionales/The circulation of care in transnational families. Revista CIDOB d’afers Internacionals, 85-104.
Napan, K. (2023). Peru as a destination: Perceptions on the return and the permanence of venezuelan immigrants. Lengua y Sociedad, 22(1), 609-642. https://doi.org/10.15381/lengsoc.v22i1.23302
Obinna, D. N. (2023). Violence Across Borders: Venezuelan Women and the Continuum of Violence in Migration and Settlement. Feminist Criminology, 19(2), 107-129. https://doi.org/10.1177/15570851231216391
Okumura, Á., Espinoza, M. del C., Boudesseul, J. y Heimark, K. (2022). Venezuelan Forced Migration to Peru During Sociopolitical Crisis: An Analysis of Perceived Social Support and Emotion Regulation Strategies. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 23(3), 1277-1310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-021-00889-z
Parella, S. (2007). Los vínculos afectivos y de cuidado en las familias transnacionales. Migrantes ecuatorianos y peruanos en España. Migraciones Internacionales, 4(2), 151-188. https://ddd.uab.cat/record/213332
Parella, S. (2012). Transnational family and the redefinition of gender roles: The case of Bolivian migrants in Spain. Papers, 97(3), 661-684. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85015904422&partnerID=40&md5=66ca4c07133275a135a6b72347c5b915
Pérez, L. M. y Freier, L. F. (2022a). My Brother the “Other”: Use of Satire and Boundary-Making by Venezuelan Migrants in Peru. Social Inclusion, 10(1), 72-83. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v10i1.4816
Pérez, L. M. y Freier, L. F. (2022b). Of prostitutes and thieves: The hyper-sexualization and criminalisation of Venezuelan migrant women in Peru. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(3), 715-733. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2047907
Pérez, L. M. y Ugarte, D. (2021). Venezuelan Women in Peru: At the Borders of Nationality, Gender, and Survival Migration. Journal of International Migration and Integration. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-021-00805-5
Perez-Brumer, A., Hill, D., Andrade-Romo, Z., Solari, K., Adams, E., Logie, C. y Silva-Santisteban, A. (2021). Vaccines for all? A rapid scoping review of COVID-19 vaccine access for Venezuelan migrants in Latin America. Journal of Migration and Health, 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmh.2021.100072
Posso, A., Bodanac, N. y Palermo, F. (2022). The impact of economic hardships on the intent to migrate: Micro-level evidence from Venezuela. World Economy, 46(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13322
Razy, É. y Baby-Collin, V. (2011). La famille transnationale dans tous ses états. Autrepart, 1-2(57-58), 7-22. https://doi.org/10.3917/autr.057.0007
Rocha, A., Silva, C. y Perobelli, F. (2022). The New Economic Geography and labour emigration: Analysing Venezuela’s hyperinflation episode. Journal of International Development, 34(1), 175-202. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3587
Sacristán-Rodríguez, C. P. y Llenez Anaya, H. F. (2022). Venezuelan Migration to Colombia and Peru. An Analysis from the MERCOSUR Regional Migration Governance Framework. Migraciones, (54). https://doi.org/10.14422/mig.i54y2022.003
Wallace, W. C. y Mortley, N. K. (2021). (De)constructing our migrant neighbours: Regional and international impacts of the Venezuelan crisis in the Caribbean. Migration and Development, 10(2), 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2020.1809276
Zambrano-Barragán, P., Ramírez Hernández, S., Freier, L. F., Luzes, M., Sobczyk, R., Rodríguez, A. y Beach, C. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on Venezuelan migrants’ access to health: A qualitative study in Colombian and Peruvian cities. Journal of Migration and Health, 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmh.2020.100029
Published
How to Cite
License
The authors of articles published in Migraciones retain the intellectual property rights over their works and grant the journal their distribution and public communication rights, consenting to their publication under a Creative Commons NonCommercial-NoDerivatives-Attribution 4.0 International License. Authors are encouraged to publish their work on the Internet (for example, on institutional or personal pages, repositories, etc.) respecting the conditions of this license and quoting appropriately the original source.
