Everyday Antigypsyism and Structural Discrimination: How the Normalisation of Racism Shapes Social Exclusion

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14422/mig.21983.011

Keywords:

antigypsyism, structural discrimination, everyday racism, racialisation, social exclusion

Abstract

In this article, we focus on antigypsyism to inquire how structural racism operates and is reproduced through everyday interaction, being normalised both by Roma and non-Roma people. We link the notion of structural racism to another central concept in migration and diversity studies that is often treated separately, namely the contested idea of “integration.” Social exclusion is, in our framework, largely understood as a consequence of structural racism. We apply this conceptual framework to analyse the deeply rooted, normalised racism and discrimination that Gitanos (Spanish Roma) continuously face in Spain, and that we have denominated “everyday antigypsyism.” We use ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2017-2024, including 185 in-depth interviews, to explore how rejection and discrimination shape the exclusion of Gitanos from “mainstream society,” impeding their “integration,” and normalising the racialised inequalities between Roma and non-Roma Spanish citizens.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Andújar, A., Sánchez, N., Pradillo, S., & Sabín, F. (2022). Jóvenes y racismo. Estudio sobre las percepciones y actitudes racistas y xenófobas entre la población joven de España. Fundación Fad Juventud. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7268038

Banaji, M., Fiske, S. T., & Massey, D. S. (2021). Systemic racism: individuals and interactions, institutions and society. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 6, 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-021-00349-3

Baracelona Antiracista. (2025). Website of the Barcelona City Council. Accessed on 17 February, 2025. https://www.barcelona.cat/antiracista/ca/activitats/migracions-i-antiracisme-com-eixos-articuladors-de-la-participacio-ciutadana

Bereményi, B. A., & Carrasco, S. (2015). Interrupted Aspirations: Research and Policy on Gitano Education in a Time of Recession, in Spain. Intercultural Education, 26(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2015.1028166

Bereményi, B. A., & Carrasco, S. (2017). Bittersweet Success. The Impact of Academic Achievement among the Spanish Gitano After a Decade of Gitano Inclusion. In W. T. Pink & G. W. Noblit (eds.), Second International Handbook on Urban Education (pp. 1169-1198). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40317-5_62

Bonilla-Silva, E. (1997). Rethinking Racism: Toward a Structural Interpretation. American Sociological Review, 62(3), 465-480. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657316

Bonilla-Silva, E. (2006). Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

Bourne, J. (2019). Unravelling the concept of unconscious bias. Race & Class, 60(4), 70-75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306396819828608

Burgett, B., & Hendler, G. (2014). Keywords for American Cultural Studies. New York University Press.

Cortés, I. (2021). Sueños y sombras sobre los gitanos. La actualidad de un racismo histórico. Bellaterra.

Cortés, I., & End, M. (eds.) (2019). Dimensions of Antigypsyism in Europe. ENAR.

Cortés, I., Caro, P., & End, M. (2021). Antigitanismo. Trece miradas. Traficantes de sueños.

Cortina Orts, A. (2017). Aporofobia, el Rechazo al Pobre. Un Desafío para la Sociedad Democrática. Paidos.

Cretan, R., Kupka, P., Powell, R., & Walach, V. (2021). Everyday Roma Stigmatization. Racialized Urban Encounters, Collective Histories and Fragmented Habitus. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 46(1), 82-100. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.13053

Dalal, F. (2002). Race, Colour and the Processes of Racialization. Brunner-Routledge.

Favell, A. (2022). Integration. A critical view. In R. Zapata-Barrero, D. Jacobs & R. Kastoryano (eds.), Contested Concepts in Migration Studies (pp. 131-149). Routledge.

Filigrana, P. (2020). El pueblo Gitano Contra el Sistema-Mundo. Reflexiones desde una Militancia Feminista y Anticapitalista. Akal.

Fleras, A. (2016). Theorizing Micro-agressions as Racism 3.0: Shifting the Discourse. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 48(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2016.0011

Fundación Secretariado Gitano. (2018). Estudio comparado sobre la situación de la población gitana en España en relación al empleo y la pobreza [Report]. Retrieved on September 25, 2024. https://www.gitanos.org/centro_documentacion/publicaciones/fichas/133448.html.es

Fundación Secretariado Gitano. (2022). Discriminación y Comunidad gitana. Informe Anual. https://informesdiscriminacion.gitanos.org/sites/default/files/Informe%20anual%202022%20VERSION%20DIGITAL%20final%20ok.pdf

Gans, Herbert J. (2017). Racialization and Racialization Research. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(3), 341-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2017.1238497

Garcés-Mascareñas, B., & Penninx, R. (eds.) (2016). Integration Processes and Policies in Europe: Contexts, Levels, and Actors. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21674-4

Hellgren, Z. (2019). Class, race - and place: Immigrants’ self-perceptions on inclusion, belonging and opportunities in Stockholm and Barcelona. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 42(12), 2084-2102. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2018.1532095

Hellgren, Z. (2025). The Absence of Race in the Intercultural Narrative: An Anti-Racist Gaze at the Catalan Education System. In Z. Hellgren, A. G. Page & T. Sealy (eds.), Narratives and Practices of Migrant and Minority Incorporation in European Societies: Contested Diversity and Fractured Belongings. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003521075

Hellgren, Z., & Gabrielli, L. (2018a). Promoting realistic expectations: Roma inclusion in the Catalan education system [GRITIM-UPF Policy Brief, No. 8 2018], (8).

Hellgren, Z., & Gabrielli, L. (2018b). Roma inclusion in education: Fostering constructive attitudes and good practices in the Barcelona area (VAKERIPEN). Final project report. http://hdl.handle.net/10230/47585

Hellgren, Z., & Gabrielli, L. (2021a). Racialization and Aporophobia: Intersecting Discriminations in the Experiences of Non-Western Migrants and Spanish Roma. Social Science, 10(5), 163. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10050163

Hellgren, Z., & Gabrielli, L. (2021b). The Dual Expectations Gap. Divergent Perspectives on the Educational Aspirations of Spanish Roma Families. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 42(2), 217-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2021.1883569

Hellgren, Z., & Gabrielli, L. (2022). Everyday Antigypsyism: Diagnosis and Avenues to fight it [GRITIM-UPF Policy Brief No. 11 2022].

Hellgren, Z., & Gabrielli, L. (2024). “Tenemos el alma cauterizada”. Una etnografía del antigitanismo cotidiano y sus consecuencias. Editorial Icaria.

Kindon, S., Pain, R., & Kesby, M. (2007). Participatory Action Research Approaches and Methods. Connecting People, Participation and Place. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203933671

Lamont, M., & Molnár, V. (2002). The Study of Boundaries in the Social Sciences. Annual Review of Sociology, 28, 167-195. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141107

Lamont, M., Pendergrass, S., & Pachucki, M. C. (2015). Symbolic Boundaries. In J. Wright (ed.), International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences (pp. 850-855). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.10416-7

Lentin, A. (2008). Europe and the Silence about Race. European Journal of Social Theory, 11(4), 487-503. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431008097008

Lentin, A. (2020). Why Race Still Matters. Polity Press.

Magazzini, T. (2020). Integration as an essentially contested concept: Questioning the assumptions behind the National Roma Integration Strategies of Italy and Spain. In S. Hinger & R. Schweitzer (eds.), Politics of (Dis) integration (pp. 41-59). Springer.

Martín Sánchez, D. (2018). Historia del Pueblo Gitano en España. Catarata.

Martínez, M. (2014). Los gitanos y las gitanas de España a mediados del siglo XVIII. Editorial Universidad de Almería.

McIntyre, A. (2008). Participatory Action Research. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483385679

Motos Pérez, I. (2009). Lo que no se olvida: 1499-1978. Anales de Historia Contemporánea, 25, 58-74.

O’Hanlon, C. (2016). The European Struggle to Educate and Include Roma People: A Critique of Differences in Policy and Practice in Western and Eastern EU Countries. Social Inclusion, 4(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v4i1.363

Paniagua, A., & Bereményi, B. A. (2019). Legitimising Inequality? The Governance of “Others” Through Participatory Initiatives in Schools. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 49(1), 115-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2017.1389259

Pasca, E. M. (2014). Integration of the Roma Population in and through Education. European Educational Experiences. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 142, 512-517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.657

Pérez Huber, L., & Solorzano, D. G. (2014). Racial microaggressions as a tool for critical race research. Race Ethnicity and Education, 18(3), 297-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2014.994173

Pincus, F. L. (1996). Discrimination comes in many forms: Individual, institutional and structural. American Behavioral Scientist, 40(2), 186-194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764296040002009

Rodríguez-García, D., Solana, M., Ortiz, A., & Ballestín, B. (2021). Blurring of Colour Lines? Ethnoracially Mixed Youth in Spain Navigating Identity. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 47(4), 838-860. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1654157

Rromani Pativ. (2021). Informe Antigitanismo Informativo, Plataforma Khetane. https://rromanipativ.info/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/2021_12_19-INFORME-ANTIGITANISMO-INFORMATIVO-2021.pdf

Saharso, S. (2019). Who needs integration? Debating a central, yet increasingly contested concept in migration studies. Comparative Migration Studies, 7, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0123-9

Simon, P. (2022). Discrimination. Studying the racialized structure of disadvantage. In R. Zapata-Barrero, D. Jacobs & R. Kastoryano (eds.), Contested Concepts in Migration Studies (pp. 78-95). Routledge.

Spanish Government’s report. (2020). Percepción de la discriminación por origen racial o étnico por parte de sus potenciales víctimas en 2020 Retrieved on September 3, 2024. https://igualdadynodiscriminacion.igualdad.gob.es/destacados/pdf/08-PERCEPCION_DISCRIMINACION_RACIAL_NAV.pdf

Van Baar, H. (2011). Europe’s Romaphobia: problematization, securitization, nomadization. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 29(2), 203-212. https://doi.org/10.1068/d2902ed1

Vázquez García, F. (2009). La invención del racismo: Nacimiento de la biopolítica en España. Akal.

Vincze, E. (2019). Ghettoization: the production of marginal spaces of housing and the reproduction of racialized labour. In E. Vincze, N. Pertovici, C. Raţ & G. Picker (eds.), Racialized labour in Romania. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76273-9

Vitale, T. (2021). ¿Atrapados en un agujero? Discriminación y privación de vivienda de las personas gitanas en ciudades europeas. Sciences Po Centre d'études européennes et de politique comparée, Sciences Po Ecole Urbaine.

Warmington, P. (2020). Critical race theory in England: Impact and opposition. Identities, 27(1), 20-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2019.1587907

Werner-Boada, S. (2019). Sugar-coating Anti-gypsyism? Subtle Forms of disciplining Roma in Spanish Welfare Services. In I. Cortés Gómez & M. End (eds.), Dimensions of Antigypsyism in Europe (pp. 198-215). ENAR.

Wieviorka, M. (2014). A critique of integration. Identities, 21(6), 633-641. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2013.828615

Published

2025-05-27

How to Cite

Everyday Antigypsyism and Structural Discrimination: How the Normalisation of Racism Shapes Social Exclusion. (2025). Migraciones. Publicación Del Instituto Universitario De Estudios Sobre Migraciones, 64, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.14422/mig.21983.011