Transforming Destinations: The Impact of Integration Interventions on the Mobility Decisions of Displaced LGBTIQ+ Persons in Mexico

Authors

  • Ester Serra Mingot Center for Research and Teaching in Economics image/svg+xml

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14422/mig.22857.018

Keywords:

LGBTIQ+ displaced persons, transit migration, integration, Mexico, country of forced immobility

Abstract

This article explores the lived experiences of LGBTIQ+ forcibly displaced persons in (transit through) Mexico, examining how they decide whether to stay or move on, and how civil society organizations (CSOs) shape those decisions. Based on 15 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Mexico, this article analyzes three intertwined dimensions: the specific vulnerabilities shaping LGBTIQ+ migration; the role of CSOs in reshaping agency and future planning; and Mexico’s evolving role in the regional migration landscape. The article critiques deterrence-based migration governance and highlights the emotional and bureaucratic complexities LGBTIQ+ migrants face, caught between transnational border regimes and local systemic violence. Conceptually, it challenges traditional ideas of destination, intention, and agency in migration trajectories, framing Mexico as a site of “forced immobility,” where decisions emerge from structural coercion, not choice. The article challenges linear migration models and calls for inclusive, person-centered integration efforts rooted in resilience and belonging rather than deterrence.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Agudo, A. (2020). La provisión de bienes y servicios como acción política. Configuración de modos humanitarios y burocráticos de gobernanza en la frontera México-Estados Unidos. Periplos, Revista de Investigación Sobre Migraciones, 5(1). https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/obmigra_periplos/article/view/32198/29124

Alba, F. A. F. (2024, May 20). Mexico at a Crossroads Once More: Emigration Levels Off as Transit Migration and Immigration Rise. Migrationpolicy.Org. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/mexico-crossroads-emigration-transit

Almendra, A., & Quiñones, M. L. (2021). Migrantes LGBTI de Centroamérica en México: Apuntes para una política exterior feminista contextualizada. Revista Mexicana de Política Exterior, 120.

Barbero, I., & Blanco, C. (2022). Migration in transit: A challenging concept for public and social policy. Calitatea Vieții, 33(2), 110-125. https://doi.org/10.46841/RCV.2022.02.03

Bryceson, D. F. (2019). Transnational families negotiating migration and care life cycles across nation-state borders. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(16), 3042-3064. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1547017

Carling, J., & Collins, F. (2018). Aspiration, desire and drivers of migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(6), 909-926. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1384134

Castañeda Castro, W. (2024, March 24). Colombia no está siendo una potencia de la vida para las personas LGBTIQ+. Corporación Caribe Afirmativo. https://caribeafirmativo.lgbt/colombia-no-esta-siendo-una-potencia-de-la-vida-para-las-personas-lgbtiq/

Castles, S., Haas, H., & Miller, M. J. (2014). >The Age of Migration. International Population Movements in the Modern World. Palgrave Macmillan.

Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. Sage Publications.

Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2014). Thematic Analysis. In Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology (pp. 1947-1952). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5583-7_311

Cojocaru, O. (2016). Time and migration studies: Theoretical and methodological intersections [Working Paper 91/149]. Centre of Migration Research (CMR), Warsaw University. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/180978/1/884875059.pdf

Collyer, M. (2007). In-between places: Trans-Saharan transit migrants in Morocco and the fragmented journey to Europe. Antipode, 39(4), 668-690. https://doi.org/10.

Collyer, M. (2010). Stranded Migrants and the Fragmented Journey. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(3), 273-293. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feq026

COMAR. (2024). La COMAR en números. Cierre septiembre 2024. [Dataset]. https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/947968/Cierre_Septiembre-2024__1-Oct_.pdf

CONAPRED. (2023). Discriminación en contra las personas refugiadas.

Cuttitta, P. (2020). Non-governmental/civil society organisations and the European Union-externalisation of migration management in Tunisia and Egypt. Population, Space and Place, 26(7). https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2329

Diaz Carnero, E. (2021). Los “Protocolos de Protección a Migrantes” en la frontera México-Estados Unidos, el caso de Ciudad Juárez. El Paso. Revista Bibliográfica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales, 25(2020).

Düvell, F. (2012). Transit migration: A blurred and politicised concept. Population, Space and Place, 18(4), 407-481. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.631

Fitzgerald, D. (2019). Refuge Beyond Reach. How Rich Democracies Repel Asylum Seekers. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190874155.001.0001

Gómez, A. (2022, July 11). Casa Frida, un refugio en Tapachula para la comunidad migrante LGBTTQ+. Diario del Sur. https://www.diariodelsur.com.mx/local/casa-frida-un-refugio-en-tapachula-para-la-comunidad-migrante-lgbttq-8575611.html

IOM. (2019). Migrant Integration and Social Cohesion. https://www.iom.int/migrant-integration-and-social-cohesion

Isacson, A. (2024, April 18). Why Is Migration Declining at the U.S.-Mexico Border in Early 2024? WOLA. https://www.wola.org/analysis/why-is-migration-declining-at-the-u-s-mexico-border-in-early-2024/

Johns, M., Loschmann, C., & Arekapudi, N. (2023). Mexico’s policy response as an emerging destination for refugees, asylum-seekers, and persons in need of international protection [World Development Report 2023: Migrants, Refugees, and Societies]. The World Bank. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/a9fff55cf4ad70ece073ac185d4e97f4-0050062023/original/WDR2023-UNHCR-Mexico-FINAL.pdf

Kuhner, G. (2011). La violencia contra las mujeres migrantes en tránsito por México. Defensor, Revista de derechos humanos, 6, 19-25.

Kuschminder, K., & Waidler, J. (2020). At Europe’s frontline: Factors determining migrants decision making for onwards migration from Greece and Turkey. Migration and Development, 9(2), 188-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2019.1601829

Lebon-McGregor, E., Godin, M., Gabrielsen Jumbert, M., Schweers, J., Hatleskog Tjønn, M., & Ike, N. (2022). Comparative experiences of third-country cooperation [MIGNEX Background Paper]. Peace Research Institute Oslo. https://www.mignex.org/d093

Marnell, J., & Camminga, B. (2022). Queer and Trans African Mobilities: Migration, Asylum and Diaspora. Bloomsbury Publishing. https://doi.org/10.5040/9780755639021

Martínez-Almanza, M. T. (2021). Desafíos de la política pública de migración en México a partir del análisis de la creación del CIM “Leona Vicario” en Ciudad Juárez. UACJ.

Martínez, S. (2022, May 16). Las personas desplazadas LGBT enfrentan desafíos exacerbados cuando buscan refugio. ACNDH. https://mexico.un.org/es/182110-las-personas-desplazadas-lgbt-enfrentan-desaf%C3%ADos-exacerbados-cuando-buscan-refugio

Massey, D., & Redstone Akresh, I. (2006). Immigrant Intentions and Mobility in a Global Economy: The Attitudes and Behavior of Recently Arrived U.S. Immigrants. Social Science Quarterly, 87(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00410.x

Michelis, I. (2023). Later Is a Cis-Hetero Patriarchal Time Zone: Narratives of Resistance to LGBTQI+ Inclusion amongst Humanitarian Practitioners. Journal of Refugee Studies, fead072. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead072

Nicolosi, S. F. (2024). Externalisation of Migration Controls: A Taxonomy of Practices and Their Implications in International and European Law. Netherlands International Law Review, 71(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40802-024-00253-9

OIM. (n. d.). Perfil Migratorio de MÉXICO 2022.

Oomen, J., & Townsend, C. (2015). Before the Boat: Understanding the Migrant Journey. Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/boat-understanding-migrant-journey

Papadopoulou-Kourkoula, A. (2008). Transit migration: The missing link between emigration and settlement. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230583801

París-Pombo, M. D. (2022). Externalización de las fronteras y bloqueo de los solicitantes de asilo en el norte de México. REMHU: Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana, 30(64), 101-116. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880006407

Putzel-Kavanaugh, C., & Ruiz Soto, A. G. (2023, October 24). Shifting Patterns and Policies Reshape Migration to U.S.-Mexico Border in Major Ways in 2023. Migrationpolicy.org. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/news/border-numbers-fy2023

Riggirozzi, P., Cintra, N., Grugel, J., Garcia Garcia, G., & Carvalho, L. (2023). Securitisation, humanitarian responses and the erosion of everyday rights of displaced Venezuelan women in Brazil. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(15), 3755-3773. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2191160

Rottmann, S. B. (2020). Integration Policies, Practices and Experiences - Turkey Country Report. https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-411294

Schapendonk, J. (2012). Turbulent Trajectories: African Migrants on Their Way to the European Union. Societies, 2(4), 27-41. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc2020027

Schapendonk, J., & Steel, G. (2014). Following Migrant Trajectories: The Im/Mobility of Sub-Saharan Africans en Route to the European Union. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 104(2), 262-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2013.862135

Serra Mingot, E. (2023). Onward Migration from an Aspirations-Capabilities Framework: The Multi-sited Transnational Practices of Sudanese Families Across Europe, Sudan and Beyond. In J. Hrens & R. King (eds.), IMISCOE Research Series (pp. 121-138). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12503-4_6

Serra Mingot, E. (2025). A Qualitative Analysis of the Integration Challenges Faced by Displaced LGBTIQ + Persons in Mexico City. Sexuality Research and Social Policy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-025-01105-8

Stock, Inka (2019). Time, migration and forced immobility: Sub-Saharan African migrants in Morocco (p. 202). Bristol: Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.47674/978152920197. ISBN: 9781529201970, 9781529202007, 9781529201987, 9781529201994

Torre Cantalapiedra, E. (2024). Civil Society Organizations and Caravans: Strengthening the Migrant Agency. Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana, 32. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-85852503880003210

U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2025, March 12). CBP Releases February 2025 Monthly Update. https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/cbp-releases-february-2025-monthly-update

Üstübici, A., İçduygu, A., Ergün, K., Ekhtiari, M., Cangönül, E., Thenot, T., & Adhanom (2023). Comparative experiences of transit migration management [MIGNEX Background Paper]. https://www.mignex.org/d081

Wentzel, A., Herrera Medina, N. E., Vásquez Rodríguez, K. M., & Pretorius, M. (2022). Survival migrants’ intention to stay: The case of Venezuelans in Colombia. International Migration, 60(3), 107-120. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12890

Wissink, M. (2009). The Dynamics of Intentionality.

Wissink, M., Düvell, F., & Eerdewijk, A.van (2013). Dynamic Migration Intentions and the Impact of Socio-Institutional Environments: A Transit Migration Hub in Turkey. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2013.778026

Wissink, M., Düvell, F., & Mazzucato, V. (2017). The evolution of migration trajectories of sub-Saharan African migrants in Turkey and Greece: The role of changing social networks and critical events. Geoforum, 116, 282-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.12.004

Published

2025-11-04

Issue

Section

Estudios

How to Cite

Serra Mingot, E. (2025). Transforming Destinations: The Impact of Integration Interventions on the Mobility Decisions of Displaced LGBTIQ+ Persons in Mexico. Migraciones. Publicación Del Instituto Universitario De Estudios Sobre Migraciones. https://doi.org/10.14422/mig.22857.018